Breakdown of Przeanalizowawszy zeznania, sędzia podpisał protokół.
podpisać
to sign
sędzia
judge
protokół
protocol
przeanalizować
to analyze (perfective)
zeznanie
testimony
Questions & Answers about Przeanalizowawszy zeznania, sędzia podpisał protokół.
How do we form the word przeanalizowawszy from its base verb?
The base verb is the perfective przeanalizować (to analyze). Since the infinitive stem ends in a vowel (przeanalizowa-), we form this anterior participle by dropping the -ć and adding the suffix -wszy. This grammatical form is used to show that an action was completed before the main verb's action.
Could the person who analyzed the testimonies be someone other than the judge?
No. A strict rule for using Polish adverbial participles is that the implied subject of the participle must be exactly the same as the subject of the main clause. Therefore, it has to be the judge (sędzia) who analyzed the testimonies.
Why does the noun sędzia take the masculine verb form podpisał when it ends in '-a'?
Sędzia (judge) is a masculine personal noun despite its feminine-looking -a ending. When referring to a male judge, it takes masculine modifiers and verbs (podpisał). If referring to a female judge, the verb would change to podpisała.
What case is zeznania in this sentence?
It is in the accusative case, as it is the direct object of the action przeanalizowawszy (having analyzed). The singular neuter noun is zeznanie (testimony), and its accusative plural form is zeznania.
Why doesn't the word protokół change its ending here?
It is the direct object of podpisał, so it is in the accusative case. However, because protokół (protocol or record) is a masculine inanimate noun, its accusative form is identical to its nominative form.
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