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### Two Plural Groups in Polish

In the plural, Polish divides nouns into two categories:
- **Virile** (Masculine Personal): Groups of people that include at least one male.
- **Non-virile**: Everything else (objects, animals, concepts, and groups consisting only of females).

The forms of possessive pronouns like "my" or "our" will change depending on which of these two groups the noun belongs to, and whether it is the subject (Nominative) or direct object (Accusative) of the sentence.

### Non-virile Plural: Nominative (Subjects)

When non-virile nouns are the subject of a sentence, their possessive pronouns end in **-e**:
- mój -> **moje** (my)
- twój -> **twoje** (your, singular)
- nasz -> **nasze** (our)
- wasz -> **wasze** (your, plural)

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### Non-virile Plural: Accusative (Direct Objects)

When a non-virile noun is the direct object of a verb, it takes the Accusative case. For this group, the Accusative forms of the possessive pronouns are exactly the same as the Nominative forms (**moje**, **twoje**, **nasze**, **wasze**).

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### Virile Plural: Nominative (Subjects)

When talking about a group of people that includes at least one man, the Nominative possessive pronouns change to end in **-i**:
- mój -> **moi**
- twój -> **twoi**
- nasz -> **nasi**
- wasz -> **wasi**

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### Virile Plural: Accusative (Direct Objects)

Unlike the non-virile group, virile pronouns change their form when they become the direct object of a sentence. In the Accusative case, they take the endings **-ich** or **-ych**:
- mój -> **moich**
- twój -> **twoich**
- nasz -> **naszych**
- wasz -> **waszych**

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Plural possessives (moi, moje)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
matter	sprawa
These are my matters.	To są moje sprawy.
result	wynik
Are your results on the desk?	Czy twoje wyniki są na biurku?
idea	pomysł
I like your ideas very much.	Wasze pomysły bardzo mi się podobają.
I think that your ideas are interesting.	Myślę, że twoje pomysły są ciekawe.
happy	szczęśliwy
My sisters are very happy.	Moje siostry są bardzo szczęśliwe.
decision	decyzja
My father is happy that these are our decisions.	Mój ojciec jest szczęśliwy, że to są nasze decyzje.
I know your matters.	Znam wasze sprawy.
to respect	szanować
I respect your decisions because you are right.	Szanuję twoje decyzje, bo masz rację.
mistake	błąd
I see our mistakes.	Widzę nasze błędy.
One can check your mistakes upstairs.	Można sprawdzić wasze błędy na górze.
You have to check your results.	Musisz sprawdzić wasze wyniki.
cousin	kuzyn
My cousins live in Warsaw.	Moi kuzyni mieszkają w Warszawie.
acquaintance	znajomy
Are your acquaintances from Poland?	Czy twoi znajomi są z Polski?
to support (to help, to back someone)	wspierać
I support my cousins.	Wspieram moich kuzynów.
We always support our acquaintances.	My zawsze wspieramy naszych znajomych.
I respect your parents very much.	Bardzo szanuję waszych rodziców.
to make a decision	podjąć decyzję
You must finally make a decision.	Musisz wreszcie podjąć decyzję.
I made an important decision.	Podjęłam ważną decyzję.

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