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### The "Non-Masculine" Plural

In Polish, plural nouns are divided into two main groups. This lesson focuses on the **non-masculine personal** (*niemęskoosobowe*) group, which includes groups of women, children, animals, and all inanimate objects.

When these words are the direct object of a sentence (Accusative case), there is a very helpful shortcut: **their forms are exactly the same as their Nominative (dictionary) plural forms**. If you know the basic plural, you already know the Accusative!

### Plural Adjectives

Adjectives describing non-masculine personal nouns always take the **-e** ending in the plural. This makes matching adjectives like *czarne*, *nowe*, or *długie* very predictable.

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### Plural Nouns (-y, -i, -e)

Nouns in this group typically form their plurals with the endings **-y**, **-i**, or **-e**. Because the Accusative case is identical to the Nominative here, you simply use these standard plural endings when you see, buy, or have these items.

This rule naturally applies to words that are only ever used in the plural, such as **okulary** (glasses) and **spodnie** (trousers).

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### People and Animals

Remember, this rule applies to living things as well, as long as the group does not include any adult men. This means words for women (**kobiety**), children (**dzieci**), and animals (**koty**) use these exact same non-masculine endings in the Accusative.

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### Food and Objects

You will use this pattern constantly when talking about everyday items, like describing the food you are eating or the groceries you are buying.

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Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
to wear	nosić
glasses	okulary
I wear black glasses.	Noszę czarne okulary.
jacket	kurtka
trousers	spodnie
We are buying new jackets and black trousers.	Kupujemy nowe kurtki i czarne spodnie.
strawberry	truskawka
tomato	pomidor
My sisters like strawberries and tomatoes.	Moje siostry lubią truskawki i pomidory.
I will be reading long letters and new books.	Będę czytać długie listy i nowe książki.
plant	roślina
piece of furniture	mebel
I see beautiful plants and old furniture in the house.	W domu widzę piękne rośliny i stare meble.
My sister wears colorful trousers and new glasses.	Moja siostra nosi kolorowe spodnie i nowe okulary.
I am buying new shoes and colorful toys.	Kupuję nowe buty i kolorowe zabawki.
We are going to the city because we want to see beautiful plants.	Jedziemy do miasta, bo chcemy zobaczyć piękne rośliny.
Do you like old furniture?	Czy lubisz stare meble?
I see young women, small children, and black cats on the street.	Na ulicy widzę młode kobiety, małe dzieci i czarne koty.
fruit	owoc
vegetable	warzywo
Tomorrow we will be eating tasty fruits and vegetables.	Jutro będziemy jeść smaczne owoce i warzywa.
I have new jackets. Do you see them?	Mam nowe kurtki. Czy je widzisz?
I am buying fruits and vegetables today.	Dzisiaj kupuję owoce i warzywa.
Do you like tomatoes and strawberries?	Czy lubisz pomidory i truskawki?