Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Persian, Dari

Persian, Western

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

<p>
	As you have already learned, there are three verb groups: <strong>Group 1</strong>, or <strong><ruby>五go段dan</ruby></strong>; <strong>Group 2</strong>, or <strong><ruby>一iti段dan</ruby></strong>; and <strong>Group 3</strong>.
	In this lesson you will learn how to obtain the <strong>て-form</strong> for verbs from Group 2 and Group 3, and how the て-form can be used to make requests in Japanese.
	First, we will take a closer look at how we can determine what group a verb belongs to.
</p>

<h4>Classifying verbs</h4>

<p>
	You can classify most Japanese verb by asking the following questions in order.
</p>

<table class="ui celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Question</th>
			<th>Verb group</th>
			<th>Examples</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Is the verb <strong>する</strong> or <strong><ruby>来ku</ruby>る</strong>?<br/>(Include noun + verb compounds like <ruby>失situ礼reiする</ruby>)</td>
			<td>Group 3</td>
			<td>する<br/><ruby>来ku</ruby>る</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Does the verb <strong>not</strong> end in an <strong>iru</strong> or <strong>eru</strong> sound?</td>
			<td>Group 1</td>
			<td>ある<br/><ruby>飲no</ruby>む</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">The verb ends in an <strong>eru</strong> or <strong>iru</strong> sound.</td>
			<td>Probably Group 2</td>
			<td><ruby>食ta</ruby>べる<br/><ruby>見mi</ruby>る</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-left: 1px solid rgba(34,36,38,.1)">Maybe group 1</td>
			<td><ruby>入hai</ruby>る</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<h4>Obtaining the て-form for verbs of Group 2 and Group 3</h4>

<p>
	The <strong>て-form</strong> is a verb conjugation that can be used in many different situations.
	For example, it can be used for making requests, connecting sentences together, and it's used in the present progressive tense.
</p>

<p>
	The て-form for Group 2, or <ruby>一iti段dan</ruby>, verbs is obtained by replacing the final <strong>る</strong> with <strong>て</strong>.
</p>
<p>
	The て-form for Group 3 verbs is also obtained by replacing the final <strong>る</strong> with <strong>て</strong>, but in addition, the <strong>u</strong> sound changes into an <strong>i</strong> sound.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>Dictionary form</th>
			<th>Verb group</th>
			<th>て-form</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td><ruby>食ta</ruby>べる</td>
			<td>Group 2</td>
			<td><ruby>食ta</ruby>べて</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><ruby>見mi</ruby>る</td>
			<td>Group 2</td>
			<td><ruby>見mi</ruby>て</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>する</td>
			<td>Group 3</td>
			<td>して</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><ruby>来ku</ruby>る</td>
			<td>Group 3</td>
			<td><ruby>来ki</ruby>て</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<h4>Making requests with the て-form</h4>

<p>
	There's a variety of ways for asking for something or making a request in Japanese, which vary in terms of the level of politeness or
	appropriateness for specific situations. In this lesson we will introduce the pattern <strong>て-form + ください (please)</strong>. This is a 
	very versatile way to ask for something used among both friends and in more formal situations. Check out the example sentences below to see 
	this grammar point used in context.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<th>English</th>
			<th>Japanese</th>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="27954"></tr>
		<tr data-item="27955"></tr>
		<tr data-item="27952"></tr>
		<tr data-item="194450"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

The -て form and the imperative part 1

adjectival noun

adjectival phrase

adnominal

adverb

adverbial noun

adverbial phrase

auxiliary

case particle

compound

conjunction

conjunctive particle

discourse

discourse particle

expression

godan - group 1

group 3

hiragana character

hiragana writing

i-adjective

interjection

intransitive

itidan - group 2

kanji

kanji component

kanji writing

katakana character

katakana writing

na-adjective

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

pronoun

proper noun

reading vocabulary

sentence

suffix

transitive

verb

The verb to be

Hiragana 1

Kanji 1

Writing hiragana 1

Writing kanji 1

Hiragana 2

Kanji 2

The question particle か

Writing hiragana 2

This one and that one

Writing kanji 2

Reading exercise 1

Reading exercise 2

Hiragana 3

Negating nouns

Writing hiragana 3

The topic particle は

Kanji 3

The possession particle の

い-adjectives and な-adjectives

The subject particle が

Here and there

There is, there are

Writing kanji 3

Kanji 4

Group 1 verbs, direct and indirect objects

Group 2 verbs

Hiragana 4

Verbs in the past tense

Negating verbs

Invitations and the particle と

Negating past verbs

Writing hiragana 4

Reading exercise 3

Writing kanji 4

Reading exercise 4

Kanji 5

Nouns and the past tense

This and that

The group 3 verbs する and 来る

The discourse particles ね and よ

The location particles に and で

Hiragana 5

Writing hiragana 5

Writing kanji 5

The destination particles に and へ

Kanji 6

The origin particle から

Hiragana 6

Relative positions

Conjugating い-adjectives

Writing hiragana 6

Writing kanji 6

Hiragana 7

Writing hiragana 7

Kanji 7

Conjugating な-adjectives

How are you?

The particle も

The word ちょっと

Question	Answer
step; grade	段だんdan
verb group 1	五ご段だんgodan
verb group 2	一いち段だんichidan
please	くださいkudasai
verb suffix for forming the imperative, among other things	〜て〜te
Please come.	来きて　ください。kite kudasai.
Please look.	見みて　ください。mite kudasai.
vegetable	野や菜さいyasai
Please eat (your) vegetables.	野や菜さい　を　食たべて　ください。yasai o tabete kudasai.
Please do the shopping.	買かい物もの　を　して　ください。kaimono o shite kudasai.
Please come.	来きて　ください。来きいて　ください。来きって　ください。 kite kudasai. kiite kudasai. kitte kudasai.

Contributors