Chinese, Mandarin

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Persian, Dari

Persian, Western

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek, Modern

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

<p>
    In a previous lesson you've learned that you can use the <strong>て-form + いる</strong> to describe a current and ongoing state or situation.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
        <tr data-item="292431"></tr>
        <tr data-item="292435"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
    In these sentences, the focus is on the current state.
    There is no information about how we got to the current state.
    In the example sentences,
    the <strong>て-form + いる</strong> is used in combination with the intransitive verbs <strong><ruby>開aく</ruby></strong> and <strong><ruby>閉siまる</ruby></strong>,
    thereby placing no focus on the actor who performed the action of opening or closing.
    The door might have closed "by itself", due to gravity or the wind for example.
</p>

<p>
    If we want to describe a state that has come about as a result of someone's intentional action,
    we can use the <strong>て-form + ある</strong> instead of the <strong>て-form + いる</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
        <tr data-item="292436"></tr>
        <tr data-item="292437"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
    Though <strong>て-form + ある</strong> describes an ongoing state that came about through a deliberate action,
    the focus is not on the action itself or on who did it, but on the resultant ongoing state.
    Who exactly performed the action is often unimportant or unknown.
</p>

<p>
    The <strong>て-form + ある</strong> is mostly used with transitive verbs, which are verbs that take objects.
    However, note that int he construction <strong>て-form + ある</strong>,
    the thing that was acted upon usually isn't followed by the direct object particle <strong>を</strong>,
    but is usually followed either by the topic particle <strong>は</strong>,
    for example when the subject is already known or has been mentioned before, or to contrast the subject with other possible subjects,
    or by the subject particle <strong>が</strong>,
    for example when the subject is unknown and is being introduced for the first time, or when the speaker wants to emphasize the subject.
</p>

<table class="ui celled fixed table">
	<tbody>
	    <tr data-item="292439"></tr>
		<tr data-item="292444"></tr>
		<tr data-item="292447"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>


〜て ある: intentional actions with remaining effects

<p>
	The <strong>present continuous</strong> verb tense, or <strong>present progressive</strong>,
	is used to talk about actions that are ongoing or have not been completed. 
	<strong>They are eating lunch</strong> is an example of a sentence using this verb tense.
	In Japanese, verbs are conjugated to the present continuous with the pattern <strong>て-form + いる</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="29220"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	The <strong>present continuous</strong> can be negated by negating the <strong>いる</strong> ending. 
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="29218"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	The <strong>past continuous</strong> is formed by simply putting the <strong>いる</strong> ending in the past tense.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="29222"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	You will find that the present continuous is often used in situations in Japanese where it would not be used in English and vice-versa.
	One of the most common examples of this is with the verb <strong><ruby>知si</ruby>る</strong>, which means <strong>to know</strong>.
	When making sentences like <strong>I know the answer</strong> or <strong>What do you know about computers?</strong>,
	you normally use the present continuous in Japanese. 
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="29225"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
	Sometimes the present continuous is even used for actions that are already completed.
	For example, this is the case with the verbs <strong>行く</strong> and <strong>来る</strong>.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="217066"></tr>
		<tr data-item="217068"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>
    In some cases the <strong>て-form + いる</strong> can also be used to describe a situation where we would use an adjective in English.
</p>

<table class="ui fixed celled table">
	<tbody>
		<tr data-item="292431"></tr>
		<tr data-item="292434"></tr>
	</tbody>
</table>


The present continuous and past continuous

hiragana character

kanji

adnominal

adverb

auxiliary

conjunction

compound

i-adjective

interjection

noun

na-adjective

numeral

particle

case particle

conjunctive particle

discourse particle

prefix

pronoun

suffix

verb

sentence

hiragana writing

kanji writing

kanji component

reading vocabulary

katakana writing

katakana character

godan - group 1

itidan - group 2

group 3

transitive

intransitive

proper noun

discourse

phrase

expression

adjectival noun

adverbial phrase

adjectival phrase

adverbial noun

The verb to be

Hiragana 1

Kanji 1

Writing hiragana 1

Writing kanji 1

Hiragana 2

Kanji 2

The question particle か

Writing hiragana 2

This one and that one

Writing kanji 2

Reading exercise 1

Reading exercise 2

Hiragana 3

Negating nouns

Writing hiragana 3

The topic particle は

Kanji 3

The possession particle の

い-adjectives and な-adjectives

The subject particle が

Here and there

There is, there are

Writing kanji 3

Kanji 4

Group 1 verbs, direct and indirect objects

Group 2 verbs

Hiragana 4

Verbs in the past tense

Negating verbs

Invitations and the particle と

Negating past verbs

Writing hiragana 4

Reading exercise 3

Writing kanji 4

Reading exercise 4

Kanji 5

Nouns and the past tense

This and that

The group 3 verbs する and 来る

The discourse particles ね and よ

The location particles に and で

Hiragana 5

Writing hiragana 5

Writing kanji 5

The destination particles に and へ

Kanji 6

The origin particle から

Hiragana 6

Relative positions

Conjugating い-adjectives

Writing hiragana 6

Writing kanji 6

Hiragana 7

Writing hiragana 7

Kanji 7

Conjugating な-adjectives

How are you?

Question	Answer
The gate is closed.	門もん　は　閉しまって　いる。mon wa shimatte iru.
grammar indicating remaining state intentionally brought about by someone	〜て　ある〜te aru
The window has been opened (by someone, and is still open).	窓まど　が　開あけて　ある。mado ga akete aru.
The gate has been closed (by someone, and is still closed).	門もん　は　閉しめて　あります。mon wa shimete arimasu.
report	レポートrepooto
The report has been written (by someone).	レポート　が　書かいて　ある。repooto ga kaite aru.
The meal has been prepared (by someone).	ご飯はん　が　作つくって　ある。gohan ga tsukutte aru.
The sentence has been written in the notebook (by someone).	文ぶん章しょう　は　ノート　に　書かいて　ある。bunshou wa nooto ni kaite aru.
computer	コンピュータkonpyuuta Alternative spelling of コンピューター
The computer is started up (by someone).	コンピュータ　が　立たち上あげて　ある。konpyuuta ga tachiagete aru.

〜てある: intentional actions with remaining effects

Contributors