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To talk about everyday routines or actions you did to yourself in the past, use the *passato prossimo*. All reflexive verbs use **essere** as their helping verb.

### Word order and agreement

To form the past tense of a reflexive verb, you need three pieces in this exact order: 
1. The reflexive pronoun (*mi, ti, si, ci, vi, si*)
2. The helping verb *essere*
3. The past participle

Because the helping verb is *essere*, the past participle must agree with the subject in gender and number.

| Pronoun | Essere | Past Participle (e.g., truccarsi) |
|---|---|---|
| mi | sono | truccato / truccata |
| ti | sei | truccato / truccata |
| si | è | truccato / truccata |
| ci | siamo | truccati / truccate |
| vi | siete | truccati / truccate |
| si | sono | truccati / truccate |

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### Plural subjects

Like all verbs that take *essere*, the past participle ends in **-i** for masculine or mixed groups, and **-e** for entirely feminine groups.

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### Emotions and changes of state

Many emotional reactions and changes of state are reflexive in Italian, such as "to have fun" (*divertirsi*), "to get scared" (*spaventarsi*), or "to get married" (*sposarsi*). They follow the exact same rules.

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### Body parts

When washing or grooming body parts, use a reflexive verb and a definite article (*il, i, la, le*) instead of a possessive word like "my" or "his". The verb remains reflexive and still requires *essere*.

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Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Past tense of modal verbs

Question	Answer
to put on makeup	truccarsi
Maria put on makeup this morning.	Maria si è truccata stamattina.
Yesterday I combed my hair.	Ieri mi sono pettinato.
You didn't put on makeup and you didn't comb your hair.	Non ti sei truccata e non ti sei pettinata.
to sit down	sedersi
Where did you sit down?	Dove ti sei seduto?
We sat down on the bench in the park.	Ci siamo seduti sulla panchina nel parco.
to hurry up	sbrigarsi
We were in a hurry and we hurried up.	Abbiamo avuto fretta e ci siamo sbrigati.
The women hurried up for the concert.	Le donne si sono sbrigate per il concerto.
to have fun	divertirsi
We had a lot of fun at the party.	Ci siamo divertiti molto alla festa.
to relax	rilassarsi
Last night I relaxed on the sofa.	Ieri sera mi sono rilassato sul divano.
Did you have fun or did you relax on vacation?	Vi siete divertiti o vi siete rilassati in vacanza?
to get scared	spaventarsi
to get angry	arrabbiarsi
The dog got scared and I got angry.	Il cane si è spaventato e io mi sono arrabbiato.
Why did you get angry with him?	Perché ti sei arrabbiata con lui?
The children got scared because of the noise.	I bambini si sono spaventati per il rumore.
to get married	sposarsi
My parents got married in Milan.	I miei genitori si sono sposati a Milano.
Did you get married last year?	Ti sei sposato l'anno scorso?
to worry	preoccuparsi
My mother worried about the trip.	Mia madre si è preoccupata per il viaggio.
We didn't worry about the exam.	Non ci siamo preoccupati per l'esame.
the hair	il capello
I combed my hair this morning.	Stamattina mi sono pettinato i capelli.
Luca washed his hair yesterday.	Ieri Luca si è lavato i capelli.
to get bored	annoiarsi
I get bored at home without my friends.	Mi annoio a casa senza i miei amici.
The children get bored at school.	I bambini si annoiano a scuola.
Yesterday I got bored at the party.	Ieri mi sono annoiato alla festa.

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