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In formal written Italian, such as in university regulations or official administrative notices, you will often see the present participle used to replace a relative clause (a clause starting with **che**).

To form the present participle, drop the infinitive ending and add **-ante** for **-are** verbs, or **-ente** for **-ere** and **-ire** verbs. 

When used this way, the participle functions like an adjective describing a noun, but it can still take a direct object like a verb. Because it acts as an adjective ending in **-e**, it must agree in number with the noun it modifies, ending in **-e** for singular nouns and **-i** for plural nouns.

Instead of saying *il bando che riguarda l'ammissione* (the call for applications that concerns the admission), official documents will use the present participle *riguardante* (concerning).

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### Plurals in Formal Rules

When the noun being described is plural, remember to change the participle's ending to **-i**. This structure is incredibly common when defining rules for specific groups of students or applicants, such as those seeking an exemption (**l'esonero**) or paying tuition (**la retta**).

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Using these present participles will make your writing—and your comprehension of official Italian documents—much more sophisticated and precise.

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Present participles as clauses

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
call for applications	il bando
admission	l'ammissione
Read the call for applications concerning the admission.	Legga il bando riguardante l'ammissione.
to require	richiedere
exemption	l'esonero
tuition fee	la retta
The students requesting the exemption do not pay the tuition fee.	Gli studenti richiedenti l'esonero non pagano la retta.
to come from	provenire
The candidates coming from abroad ask for admission.	I candidati provenienti dall'estero chiedono l'ammissione.
to contain	contenere
student ID number	la matricola
Send the form containing the student ID number.	Invii il modulo contenente la matricola.
accommodation	l'alloggio
Anyone looking for the accommodation must read the call for applications.	Chiunque cerchi l'alloggio deve leggere il bando.
department	il dipartimento
The accommodation belonging to the department is excellent.	L'alloggio appartenente al dipartimento è ottimo.
Since the student ID number is missing, the admission is impossible.	Visto che manca la matricola, l'ammissione è impossibile.
Since you are a student coming from abroad, pay the tuition fee.	Visto che Lei è uno studente proveniente dall'estero, paghi la retta.
The call for applications containing the rules is very clear.	Il bando contenente le regole è molto chiaro.
The department evaluates the students requesting the accommodation.	Il dipartimento valuta gli studenti richiedenti l'alloggio.
Enter the student ID number instead of requesting the exemption.	Inserisca la matricola invece di richiedere l'esonero.
The admission requires the payment of the tuition fee.	L'ammissione richiede il pagamento della retta.