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### Irregular past participles

Many common Italian verbs have irregular past participles. You still use **avere** as the helping verb, but you need to memorize the irregular forms.

### Leggere and scrivere

The verbs for reading and writing have irregular past participles ending in **-tto**:

- **leggere** (to read) → **letto**
- **scrivere** (to write) → **scritto**

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### Fare, chiudere, and vedere

Here are three more highly useful irregular verbs:

- **fare** (to do / to make) → **fatto**
- **chiudere** (to close) → **chiuso**
- **vedere** (to see) → **visto**

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### Chiedere and prendere

- **chiedere** (to ask) → **chiesto**
- **prendere** (to take) → **preso**

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Just like in English, you use **prendere** to talk about taking medicine. However, notice that while in English you "make" a decision, in Italian you "take" a decision (**prendere una decisione**).

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### Bringing it together

You can now mix and match these common irregular verbs to talk about what you read or learned online.

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Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (il, la, l')

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Past tense of modal verbs

Question	Answer
finally	finalmente
the text	il testo
I finally read the text.	Finalmente ho letto il testo.
He wrote a long message.	Ha scritto un messaggio lungo.
the page	la pagina
recently	recentemente
We read these pages recently.	Abbiamo letto queste pagine recentemente.
I wrote three pages today.	Oggi ho scritto tre pagine.
the magazine	la rivista
Have you read this magazine recently?	Hai letto questa rivista recentemente?
I didn't write the article for the magazine.	Non ho scritto l'articolo per la rivista.
They did an excellent job.	Hanno fatto un ottimo lavoro.
Did you close the door?	Hai chiuso la porta?
I saw a lot of movies.	Ho visto molti film.
the information (f)	l'informazione
Did you ask for information?	Avete chiesto informazioni?
the program	il programma
Yesterday we saw a program on television.	Ieri abbiamo visto un programma in televisione.
You made a mistake.	Lei ha fatto uno sbaglio.
the medicine	la medicina
Marco finally took the medicine.	Marco ha finalmente preso la medicina.
I didn't take the medicine this morning.	Stamattina non ho preso la medicina.
the decision	la decisione
We made an important decision.	Abbiamo preso una decisione importante.
They made too many decisions without me.	Hanno preso troppe decisioni senza di me.
the website	il sito
I read the text on the site.	Ho letto il testo sul sito.
He took the information about the program from the site.	Lui ha preso l'informazione sul programma dal sito.
the internet	internet
I look for the information on the internet.	Cerco l'informazione su internet.
I watch movies on the internet.	Guardo i film su internet.
Without the internet I cannot work.	Senza internet non posso lavorare.

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