Expressions of probability, opinion, and emotion usually require the subjunctive. However, since the present subjunctive can refer to both the present and the future, you can use the future indicative in the dependent clause to explicitly emphasize that an action will happen in the future. This is the standard way to discuss long-term forecasts.
| It is probable that global emissions will decrease. | È probabile che le emissioni globali diminuiranno. |
| It is very probable that the glacier will melt. | È molto probabile che il ghiacciaio si scioglierà. |
Opinions and Beliefs
Verbs like pensare (to think) and credere (to believe) follow this pattern for future predictions.
| I think that the sea level will rise. | Penso che il livello del mare aumenterà. |
| I believe that this ecosystem will change without the rain. | Credo che questo ecosistema cambierà senza la pioggia. |
Emotions and Doubts
Even triggers that normally demand the subjunctive—like temere (to fear), sperare (to hope), or dubitare (to doubt)—take the future indicative for events that have not yet occurred.
| I doubt that the storm will cause a flood. | Dubito che la tempesta provocherà un'alluvione. |
| I fear that the pollution will cause worse damage. | Temo che l'inquinamento provocherà danni peggiori. |
| I hope that renewable energy will reduce emissions. | Spero che l'energia rinnovabile ridurrà le emissioni. |
| I think that the drought will destroy the harvest. | Penso che la siccità distruggerà il raccolto. |
| I fear that the sea level will rise and destroy the ecosystem. | Temo che il livello del mare aumenterà e distruggerà l'ecosistema. |
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