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While most Italian nouns change their ending in the plural, a special group of feminine nouns ending in **-i** do not. These nouns—often of Greek origin and used in academic or scientific contexts—are **invariable**, meaning their spelling stays exactly the same in both singular and plural forms.

Because the noun itself doesn't change, you must rely on articles (like **la**, **le**, or **l'**) and adjectives to determine the number.

For example, **l'analisi** (the analysis) takes **l'** in the singular but the standard feminine plural **le** in the plural:

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Similarly, with words like **la crisi** (the crisis), only the surrounding words change:

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### Common Invariable Nouns

Many invariable feminine nouns share the same **-si** ending, such as **la tesi** (thesis), **la sintesi** (synthesis), and **la diagnosi** (diagnosis).

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### Inside the Laboratory

When discussing scientific research, you will also use regular nouns like **il campione** (the sample) and **il microscopio** (the microscope).

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Feminine nouns ending in -i (la crisi, le crisi)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
analysis	l'analisi
chemical	chimico
The scientist has just finished the chemical analysis.	Lo scienziato ha appena finito l'analisi chimica.
laboratory	il laboratorio
We had repeated the chemical analyses in the lab.	Avevamo ripetuto le analisi chimiche in laboratorio.
scientific	scientifico
crisis	la crisi
The scientific project has overcome the crises.	Il progetto scientifico ha superato le crisi.
We had a serious problem because of the crisis.	Avevamo un problema grave a causa della crisi.
thesis	la tesi
The student had written a long thesis.	Lo studente aveva scritto una tesi lunga.
The professor does not read the students' theses.	Il professore non legge le tesi degli studenti.
synthesis	la sintesi
Chemical synthesis in the laboratory is very dangerous.	La sintesi chimica in laboratorio è molto pericolosa.
The doctor read the syntheses of the research.	Il dottore ha letto le sintesi della ricerca.
diagnosis	la diagnosi
The doctor has confirmed the diagnosis.	Il medico ha confermato la diagnosi.
The patients' diagnoses are not always exact.	Le diagnosi dei pazienti non sono sempre esatte.
sample	il campione
microscope	il microscopio
We observed the sample under the microscope.	Abbiamo osservato il campione al microscopio.
The scientific project needed time.	Il progetto scientifico aveva bisogno di tempo.
The chemical reaction has ruined the sample.	La reazione chimica ha rovinato il campione.
The doctor analyzes the samples with the microscope.	Il medico analizza i campioni con il microscopio.
I had broken the microscope because of the cat.	Avevo rotto il microscopio per colpa del gatto.

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