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When talking about awards, interviews, and sudden fame, you often need to explain *why* someone is being recognized. In Italian, you can express the reason for a past action using **per** followed by the past infinitive.

### The Past Infinitive

The past infinitive (*infinito passato*) describes an action completed before the main verb. Form it using the infinitive of the helper verb (**avere** or **essere**) plus the past participle.

*Note:* It is standard to drop the final *e* of *avere* before the past participle, shortening it to **aver**.

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If the verb normally requires **essere** as its helper (such as verbs of motion), use the infinitive *essere*. Remember that with *essere*, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the person who performed the action.

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### Reactions and Awards

Use **per** + the past infinitive (translating to "for having [done something]") to express praise, nominations, or personal reactions to what artists have accomplished.

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Causal clauses with past infinitives (per aver fatto)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
the celebrity	la celebrità
the debut	l'esordio
extraordinary	straordinario
The actor became a celebrity for having made an extraordinary debut.	L'attore è diventato una celebrità per aver fatto un esordio straordinario.
to shock	scioccare
The actor shocked the whole city for having arrived in pajamas.	L'attore ha scioccato tutta la città per essere arrivato in pigiama.
I liked the actor for having answered every question.	L'attore mi è piaciuto per aver risposto a ogni domanda.
to acclaim	acclamare
They acclaimed the author for having written increasingly beautiful novels.	Hanno acclamato l'autore per aver scritto romanzi sempre più belli.
to nominate	nominare
They nominated you for having reached an extraordinary milestone!	Ti hanno nominato per aver raggiunto un traguardo straordinario!
Many celebrities became famous for having shocked the audience.	Molte celebrità sono diventate famose per aver scioccato il pubblico.
I liked all the actors for having acted well.	Tutti gli attori mi sono piaciuti per aver recitato bene.
the revelation	la rivelazione
That revelation is less and less interesting.	Quella rivelazione è sempre meno interessante.
the trophy	il trofeo
All the directors want to be nominated to receive this trophy.	Tutti i registi vogliono essere nominati per ricevere questo trofeo.
The revelation won the trophy for having made a great debut.	La rivelazione ha vinto il trofeo per aver fatto un grande esordio.
the autobiography	l'autobiografia
the triumph	il trionfo
The audience acclaimed the autobiography for having recounted the triumph.	Il pubblico ha acclamato l'autobiografia per aver raccontato il trionfo.
The autobiography is a triumph for having sold a lot.	L'autobiografia è un trionfo per aver venduto tanto.