Describing Data & Trends

QuestionAnswer
to go up or become larger in amount (general term for upward movement)
increase
The number of international students increased from 2,000 to 5,500 over the period.
to go up or move higher (slightly more formal than increase)
rise
Unemployment rose steadily between 2015 and 2019 before declining sharply.
to go up very quickly and steeply in amount or price
rocket
House prices rocketed in the capital, increasing by over 200% in just five years.
to move gradually upwards in amount
climb
The temperature climbed steadily throughout the morning, reaching a peak at 2pm.
to become twice as large or twice as many
double
The population of the city doubled between 1990 and 2020.
to become three times as large or three times as many
treble
Exports trebled over the decade, making the country a major trading power.
to become four times as large
quadruple
Internet usage quadrupled in developing nations between 2010 and 2020.
to increase suddenly by a large amount
jump
Sales jumped by 40% in the final quarter following the product launch.
to go down or become smaller in amount (general term)
decrease
The birth rate decreased from 3.2 to 1.8 children per woman over the period.
to go down from a higher to a lower level
fall
Oil production fell sharply after the introduction of new environmental regulations.
to go down suddenly (similar to fall)
drop
The number of visitors dropped dramatically during the winter months.
to go down into water head first; to decrease suddenly and steeply
plunge
Share prices plunged following the announcement of the CEO's resignation.
to become half the original amount
halve
The cost of solar panels has halved over the past decade.
to fall heavily or suddenly in value or amount
slump
Tourism revenue slumped by 70% during the global health crisis.
a slight and usually temporary decrease
dip
There was a brief dip in sales in March before figures recovered in April.
to change irregularly between higher and lower levels
fluctuate
Oil prices fluctuated between $60 and $90 per barrel throughout the year.
to become steady and stop changing
stabilise
After a period of rapid growth, the population stabilised at around 10 million.
to stop increasing or developing; to become flat
level off
Energy consumption levelled off in the final quarter after months of steady growth.
to stay approximately the same over a period
remain constant
The proportion of female students remained constant at around 45% throughout the decade.
to move up and down slightly around the same level
hover around
The unemployment rate hovered around 5% for most of the period shown.
to reach the highest point or level
peak
Electricity demand peaked at 45,000 megawatts during the summer heatwave.
a low point between two higher points on a graph
trough
The graph shows a clear trough in production during the winter months.
to reach the lowest point before recovering
bottom out
House prices bottomed out in 2012 before beginning a gradual recovery.
the highest point reached by a quantity on a graph
high
Temperatures reached a high of 38 degrees in July before falling in August.
in a steep and sudden manner (describing a rapid change)
sharply
Profits rose sharply in the third quarter, exceeding all expectations.
in a very noticeable and impressive way (great change)
dramatically
The landscape of the city centre changed dramatically over the twenty-year period.
in a very steep manner (angle of change)
steeply
The graph rose steeply between 2005 and 2008 before levelling off.
at a regular and even pace; not changing rapidly
steadily
The number of registered users grew steadily from 100,000 to over 2 million.
slowly and by small amounts over a period of time
gradually
Life expectancy has gradually increased over the past century in most countries.
to a medium or average degree; not extremely
moderately
House prices increased moderately, rising by approximately 3% per year.
by a small amount; only a little
slightly
The figure for male graduates was slightly higher than that for females.
by a very small amount; barely noticeably
marginally
Spending on defence was marginally lower in 2020 compared to the previous year.
by an extremely small amount; almost imperceptibly
fractionally
Output increased only fractionally, rising by less than 0.5% over the quarter.
to a great or important degree; by a large amount
substantially
Government spending on healthcare increased substantially during the pandemic.
to form or make up a specified part of a whole
comprise
Women comprised approximately 60% of the total workforce in the education sector.
to form or compose a specified proportion of something
constitute
Renewable sources constituted just 15% of the total energy supply in 2015.
to be responsible for a specified proportion of a total
account for
Asia accounted for over 40% of global manufacturing output.
to be equal to a specified amount when combined
amount to
Total expenditure on research and development amounted to $2.3 billion.
to form or compose a specified proportion (informal)
make up
Students from overseas made up roughly a third of the university's intake.
to be a symbol or equivalent of a specified value or proportion
represent
This figure represented a threefold increase compared to the previous decade.
close to an exact amount but not completely precise
approximately
Approximately 3.5 million tourists visited the country in 2022.
approximately; not exactly (informal)
roughly
Roughly half of all respondents expressed dissatisfaction with public transport.
a little more than a specified number or amount
just over
The figure stood at just over 25,000, a slight increase from the previous year.
a little less than a specified number or amount
just under
Spending fell to just under $500 million by the end of the period.
approximately; in the area of a specified amount
in the region of
The project is expected to cost in the region of $3 billion over five years.
more than a specified amount
in excess of
The city now attracts in excess of 10 million visitors annually.
to go beyond or do better than a previous level or competitor
surpass
China's GDP surpassed that of Japan in 2010, making it the world's second largest economy.
to be greater than a specified amount or level
exceed
Demand for water is projected to exceed supply in several regions by 2030.
to be greater in number than another group
outnumber
Female graduates outnumbered their male counterparts by a ratio of three to two.
to go past and become ahead of another in amount
overtake
Spending on digital advertising overtook traditional media spending in 2019.
to be greater or more important than something else
outweigh
The benefits of the scheme clearly outweigh the initial costs of implementation.
to grow faster or become larger than something else
outstrip
Population growth has outstripped the capacity of the existing housing supply.
preposition used to express the extent of a change in data
by
The number of car owners increased by 15% between 2010 and 2015.
reaching a specific level or amount at a given time
stand at
By 2020, the unemployment rate stood at 4.2%, down from 7.8% a decade earlier.
arriving at a specific number or level
reach
Global temperatures are expected to reach 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels by 2040.
a noticeable change or trend in data
notable
The most notable feature of the graph is the sharp increase in online sales after 2015.
happening or continuing during a specified period
over the period
Over the period shown, there was a clear upward trend in renewable energy production.
a general direction in which something is developing or changing
trend
The overall trend for car ownership was upward, despite a brief decline in 2008.
a distinct period or step in a process or development
stage
In the first stage of production, raw materials are sorted and cleaned.
a distinct period in a process of change or development
phase
The initial phase of the project involves gathering data from multiple sources.
coming before something in time or order
prior to
Prior to treatment, the water passes through a series of filtration systems.
after which; and then as a result
following which
The mixture is heated to 200 degrees, following which it is allowed to cool naturally.
at the same time as another event or process
concurrently
Two separate processes occur concurrently during the second stage of manufacturing.
in the end; as the final step in a process
ultimately
The raw material is processed, refined, and ultimately packaged for distribution.
a significant or easily noticeable change
marked
There was a marked increase in the number of female executives between 2000 and 2020.
a slight and temporary movement downward from a trend
minor fluctuation
Despite some minor fluctuations, the overall trend remained positive throughout the period.
expected to happen in the future based on current data
projected
The population is projected to reach 9 billion by the middle of this century.
showing the general direction when minor changes are ignored
overall
Overall, the data shows a clear correlation between education spending and literacy rates.
being clearly different when two things are placed side by side
in contrast
In contrast to the steady growth in Asia, European markets experienced a significant downturn.
in the same way; showing a similar pattern
similarly
Car ownership grew rapidly in China; similarly, India saw a dramatic rise in vehicle sales.
at the same level; equal in amount or value
on a par with
By 2018, online retail spending was on a par with high-street spending for the first time.
the difference between two values or amounts
gap
The gap between male and female earnings narrowed considerably over the period.
being the same or very similar in size or amount
comparable
Spending on education in the two countries was roughly comparable at around 5% of GDP.
in a way that matches or is in proportion
respectively
The UK and Germany spent $50 billion and $45 billion on defence respectively.
continuing in a straight line without changing direction
consistent
There was a consistent upward trend in broadband subscriptions throughout the decade.