| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| statistical data relating to the population and groups within it | demographics Shifting demographics in urban areas have influenced government housing policies. |
| the process of making an area more urban in character | urbanisation Rapid urbanisation in developing countries has led to overcrowded cities. |
| the process of absorbing one cultural group into the customs of another | assimilation Cultural assimilation can lead to the loss of minority languages and traditions. |
| the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities | inequality Income inequality has become one of the most debated social issues globally. |
| the movement of people from one place to another to settle permanently | migration Mass migration from rural to urban areas has transformed the economic landscape. |
| the process of combining people or groups into a unified society | integration Successful integration of immigrants depends on access to education and employment. |
| the inclusion of different types of people in a group or organisation | diversity Workplace diversity has been shown to improve creativity and decision-making. |
| valued objects and traditions passed down through generations | heritage UNESCO works to protect world heritage sites of outstanding cultural significance. |
| the characteristics determining who or what a person or group is | identity Cultural identity is often shaped by language, religion, and shared history. |
| a group of people living in the same place or sharing common interests | community A strong sense of community can improve mental health and social wellbeing. |
| the process of learning to behave in a way acceptable to society | socialisation Early socialisation in schools helps children develop interpersonal skills. |
| preconceived opinion not based on reason or experience | prejudice Prejudice against minority groups remains a persistent barrier to social equality. |
| unjust treatment of different categories of people on various grounds | discrimination Anti-discrimination legislation aims to ensure equal treatment in the workplace. |
| the process of interaction and integration among people and countries worldwide | globalisation Globalisation has made it easier for cultures to exchange ideas and practices. |
| a system of ideas and ideals forming the basis of a political or economic theory | ideology Political ideology significantly influences government policy on social welfare. |
| a long-established custom or belief passed from generation to generation | tradition Many families maintain cultural traditions that strengthen their sense of belonging. |
| traditional practices or usual ways of behaving in a society | customs Understanding local customs is essential for travellers to show cultural respect. |
| selfless concern for the wellbeing of others | altruism Altruism is often studied in sociology as a driver of community cooperation. |
| the study of human societies, cultures, and their development | anthropology Anthropology provides insight into how ancient civilisations organised their communities. |
| the suppression of speech or public communication deemed objectionable | censorship Censorship of the press undermines freedom of expression in many countries. |
| the state of forming a united whole; social unity | cohesion Social cohesion is strengthened when communities share common goals and values. |
| behaviour in accordance with socially accepted standards | conformity Conformity to group norms can sometimes suppress individual creativity. |
| relating to the structure of a population | demographic Demographic changes such as an ageing population affect pension systems. |
| behaviour that departs from accepted social norms | deviance Sociologists study deviance to understand why people break social rules. |
| the dispersion of a people from their original homeland | diaspora The diaspora has maintained strong cultural ties despite living across many countries. |
| the process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions | emancipation The emancipation of enslaved people was a pivotal moment in the nation's history. |
| relating to a group of people sharing a common cultural background | ethnic Ethnic diversity enriches a society by introducing different perspectives and traditions. |
| the advocacy of equal rights for women on the grounds of gender equality | feminism Feminism has been instrumental in achieving voting rights and workplace protections. |
| the socially constructed roles and behaviours associated with being male or female | gender Gender studies examine how societal expectations influence individual opportunities. |
| a system in which members are ranked according to relative status or authority | hierarchy Social hierarchy can limit upward mobility for individuals from lower economic classes. |
| of the same kind; uniform in composition or character | homogeneous A homogeneous society may lack the creative benefits that cultural diversity provides. |
| diverse in character or content; composed of different elements | heterogeneous Heterogeneous classrooms challenge teachers to accommodate different learning styles. |
| to treat a person or group as insignificant or peripheral | marginalise Policies that marginalise certain communities can lead to social unrest. |
| the presence and acceptance of several cultural groups within a society | multiculturalism Multiculturalism is a defining feature of many modern cosmopolitan cities. |
| standards of behaviour that are typical or expected within a society | norms Social norms evolve over time as attitudes and values change across generations. |
| a social system in which men hold primary power and authority | patriarchy Challenging patriarchy has been central to the feminist movement for decades. |
| a system in which multiple groups coexist and participate in society | pluralism Political pluralism ensures that diverse viewpoints are represented in governance. |
| not connected with religious or spiritual matters | secular Secular education systems aim to provide a neutral learning environment for all students. |
| unity or agreement of feeling or action among individuals with a common interest | solidarity Workers demonstrated solidarity by joining the strike in support of fair wages. |
| a widely held but oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person | stereotype Media portrayals can reinforce harmful stereotypes about ethnic minorities. |
| a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance or quality | stigma The stigma surrounding mental illness prevents many people from seeking help. |
| willingness to accept behaviour and beliefs different from one's own | tolerance Tolerance of different viewpoints is essential for a functioning democratic society. |
| dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries | xenophobia Xenophobia tends to increase during periods of economic uncertainty and job scarcity. |
| public support for a particular cause or policy | advocacy Advocacy groups have played a key role in advancing disability rights legislation. |
| the right or condition of self-governance or independence | autonomy Regional autonomy allows local governments to make decisions suited to their populations. |
| a system of government with many complicated rules and procedures | bureaucracy Excessive bureaucracy can hinder the efficient delivery of public services. |
| the status of being a legal member of a particular country | citizenship Citizenship grants individuals the right to vote and access public services. |
| relating to ordinary citizens and their concerns as distinct from military matters | civil Civil liberties protect individuals from government overreach and oppression. |
| the state of living or existing together at the same time or in the same place | coexistence Peaceful coexistence among different religious groups requires mutual respect. |
| the practice of giving priority to a group over each individual in it | collectivism Collectivism in some cultures emphasises family obligations over personal ambitions. |
| the policy of acquiring political control over another country and exploiting it | colonialism The legacy of colonialism continues to affect economic development in many regions. |
| shared by all members of a community; done or owned jointly | communal Communal spaces in housing developments encourage social interaction among residents. |
| a political philosophy favouring traditional values and gradual change | conservatism Conservatism often promotes the preservation of established social institutions. |
| the fundamental principles or laws governing a state or organisation | constitution The constitution guarantees equal rights to all citizens regardless of background. |
| dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power | corruption Corruption undermines public trust and diverts resources away from essential services. |
| a system of government in which power is vested in the people | democracy Democracy depends on an informed electorate and transparent governance. |
| the forced movement of people from their home or country | displacement Armed conflict has caused the displacement of millions of civilians worldwide. |
| a set of beliefs or principles held and taught by a group or institution | doctrine The doctrine of human rights underpins many international treaties and agreements. |
| to leave one's own country to settle permanently in another | emigrate Many professionals emigrate in search of better career opportunities abroad. |
| evaluating other cultures according to the standards of one's own culture | ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism can lead to misunderstanding and conflict between different cultural groups. |
| the process of renovating an area so it conforms to middle-class tastes | gentrification Gentrification often displaces long-term residents who can no longer afford rising rents. |
| the action or manner of governing a state or organisation | governance Good governance requires transparency, accountability, and citizen participation. |
| concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare | humanitarian Humanitarian organisations provide aid to communities affected by natural disasters. |
| the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country | immigration Immigration policies vary widely and are often a subject of political debate. |
| a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonisation | imperialism Imperialism reshaped the political boundaries of many countries in Africa and Asia. |
| the principle of being independent and self-reliant rather than group-oriented | individualism Western societies tend to value individualism and personal achievement. |
| the official power to make legal decisions and judgements | jurisdiction The court ruled that the case fell outside its jurisdiction. |
| blood relationship or a sharing of characteristics or origins | kinship Kinship networks provide social support and economic cooperation in many societies. |
| laws considered collectively; the process of making laws | legislation New legislation was introduced to protect the rights of migrant workers. |
| the quality of being lawful, justified, or widely accepted | legitimacy The legitimacy of the election was questioned by international observers. |
| a political philosophy advocating individual rights and limited government | liberalism Liberalism champions personal freedoms and equal opportunity for all citizens. |
| based on kinship with the mother or the female line of descent | matrilineal In matrilineal societies, inheritance passes through the mother's family. |
| a form of government with a king or queen as head of state | monarchy Constitutional monarchy limits the sovereign's powers through an elected parliament. |
| strong identification with one's own nation and support for its interests | nationalism Rising nationalism can strain diplomatic relations between neighbouring countries. |
| favouritism granted to relatives or close friends in positions of power | nepotism Nepotism in government appointments undermines public trust in institutions. |
| a form of government in which power rests with a small elite group | oligarchy Critics argue that the country has become an oligarchy controlled by wealthy families. |
| prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or exercise of authority | oppression The oppression of minority groups has sparked numerous social justice movements. |
| the desire to promote the welfare of others, often through charitable donations | philanthropy Philanthropy has funded hospitals, universities, and research institutions worldwide. |
| a political approach appealing to ordinary people who feel neglected by elites | populism Populism has gained traction in countries experiencing economic hardship. |
| biased information used to promote a political cause or point of view | propaganda State-controlled media can be used as a tool for spreading propaganda. |
| a general vote by the electorate on a single political question | referendum The referendum on independence produced a deeply divided result across the country. |
| a person who has been forced to leave their country to escape war or persecution | refugee Refugee camps often lack adequate sanitation and access to education. |
| a state in which power is held by the people and their elected representatives | republic A republic is distinguished from a monarchy by the absence of a hereditary ruler. |
| a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favour of a new system | revolution The industrial revolution fundamentally transformed social structures and economies. |
| supreme power or authority; the authority of a state to govern itself | sovereignty National sovereignty is a core principle in international relations and law. |
| a cultural group within a larger culture with distinct beliefs or interests | subculture Youth subcultures often develop their own music, fashion, and social norms. |
| the right to vote in political elections | suffrage Universal suffrage was achieved after decades of campaigning for equal voting rights. |
| a social or religious custom prohibiting a particular practice or topic | taboo Discussing mental health has historically been taboo in many cultures. |
| a system of government requiring complete subservience to the state | totalitarianism Totalitarianism suppresses individual freedoms and controls all aspects of public life. |
| the state of being organised in or advocating for a tribe or tribal values | tribalism Political tribalism can polarise communities and hinder constructive dialogue. |
| cruel and oppressive government or rule | tyranny The people rose up against the tyranny of the authoritarian regime. |
| an imagined place or state where everything is perfect | utopia The philosopher envisioned a utopia where social inequality no longer existed. |
| the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group | welfare Social welfare programmes provide a safety net for the most vulnerable members of society. |
| a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination | apartheid The dismantling of apartheid in South Africa marked a turning point for human rights. |
| the highest social class, often comprising hereditary nobility | aristocracy The aristocracy wielded considerable political influence in pre-revolutionary France. |
| the protection granted by a state to someone who has left their home country as a refugee | asylum Thousands of displaced people applied for asylum in neighbouring countries. |
| involving two parties, especially countries | bilateral Bilateral trade agreements can strengthen economic ties between nations. |
| the middle class, typically associated with conventional values and materialism | bourgeoisie The bourgeoisie played a central role in the economic and political revolutions of the 18th century. |
| a class or social division based on hereditary rank or wealth | caste The caste system historically determined social mobility and occupational roles. |
| familiar with and at ease in many different cultures and countries | cosmopolitan A cosmopolitan outlook encourages openness to different ideas and ways of life. |
| to deprive someone of the right to vote or other privileges | disenfranchise Voter ID laws can inadvertently disenfranchise certain segments of the population. |
| a set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true | dogma Scientific inquiry challenges dogma by requiring evidence-based conclusions. |
| all the people in a country or area who are entitled to vote | electorate The electorate was deeply divided on the proposed constitutional amendment. |
| the act of leaving one's own country to settle in another | emigration Emigration from the region accelerated due to economic instability and conflict. |
| dominance or leadership of one state or group over others | hegemony Cultural hegemony can marginalise the traditions and languages of smaller groups. |
| the process of teaching a person to accept a set of beliefs uncritically | indoctrination Indoctrination through propaganda can undermine independent thought in a society. |
| unable to be taken away from or given away by the possessor | inalienable The declaration affirms that all people have inalienable rights to life and liberty. |
| the working-class people regarded collectively | proletariat The proletariat organised strikes demanding better wages and working conditions. |
| the making of amends for a wrong, especially through compensation | reparation Calls for reparation continue in countries affected by historical injustices. |
| the principle of separating the state from religious institutions | secularism Secularism in public education ensures that no single religion is favoured. |
| a system of government in which priests rule in the name of a deity | theocracy A theocracy bases its laws and policies on religious doctrine and scripture. |
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