| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a mutual relationship or connection between two or more variables | correlation The study found a strong correlation between educational attainment and income levels. |
| an element or factor that is liable to change in an experiment | variable Researchers controlled for all known variables to isolate the effect of the treatment. |
| to reproduce or repeat an experiment to verify results | replicate Other laboratories attempted to replicate the findings but obtained inconsistent results. |
| a fact or event observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause is in question | phenomenon The phenomenon of global warming has been extensively studied by climate scientists worldwide. |
| involving repeated observations of the same subjects over a long period | longitudinal The longitudinal study tracked participants over twenty years to assess long-term health outcomes. |
| involving observation of a population at a single point in time | cross-sectional A cross-sectional analysis of the data revealed significant differences between age groups. |
| a subset of a population selected for analysis in a study | sample The researchers selected a representative sample of 500 participants from diverse backgrounds. |
| a systematic error that leads to an incorrect conclusion in a study | bias Selection bias can undermine the validity of research findings if the sample is not representative. |
| the extent to which a test or study measures what it claims to measure | validity The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through comparison with established instruments. |
| the degree to which a measurement produces consistent results over time | reliability High reliability indicates that the instrument yields stable results across repeated administrations. |
| a range of related qualities, ideas, or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation | spectrum The visible spectrum of light ranges from red wavelengths to violet wavelengths. |
| a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed | catalyst Platinum serves as a catalyst in numerous industrial processes, including petroleum refining. |
| a substance formed from two or more elements chemically bonded together | compound Water is a compound consisting of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a fixed ratio. |
| the smallest unit of a chemical compound that retains its chemical properties | molecule A molecule of carbon dioxide contains one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. |
| a general proposition proved by a chain of reasoning from axioms | theorem The Pythagorean theorem remains one of the most widely applied principles in mathematics. |
| a statement accepted as true without proof, serving as a starting point for reasoning | axiom The research was built on the axiom that all matter is composed of fundamental particles. |
| the combination of components to form a connected whole or a chemical compound | synthesis The synthesis of the new polymer required precise control of temperature and pressure conditions. |
| a summary of a research paper presenting the key findings and methodology | abstract The abstract should concisely describe the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions of the study. |
| something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected | anomaly The anomaly in the data prompted researchers to re-examine their experimental methodology. |
| the technical equipment or machinery needed for a particular purpose or experiment | apparatus The laboratory apparatus was carefully sterilised before conducting the microbiological experiment. |
| to adjust a measuring instrument to ensure accuracy | calibrate Scientists must calibrate their instruments regularly to maintain the precision of measurements. |
| moving or tending to move away from a centre of rotation | centrifugal Centrifugal force is used in laboratory centrifuges to separate components of different densities. |
| a thread-like structure of DNA carrying genetic information in a cell | chromosome Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes, which contain the instructions for development. |
| a chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light | combustion The combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. |
| the transfer of heat or electricity through a material without movement of the material itself | conduction Metals are excellent conductors because conduction occurs readily through their atomic structure. |
| the transfer of heat by the circulation or movement of a fluid or gas | convection Convection currents in the atmosphere play a crucial role in weather pattern formation. |
| the material within a living cell, excluding the nucleus | cytoplasm The cytoplasm contains organelles that carry out essential functions for cell survival. |
| the spreading of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration | diffusion Diffusion is the primary mechanism by which oxygen enters the bloodstream through the lungs. |
| to make a solution weaker by adding a solvent such as water | dilute The researcher had to dilute the concentrated acid before it could be safely used in the experiment. |
| a conductor through which electricity enters or leaves an object or substance | electrode The electrode was immersed in the electrolyte solution to measure the electrical potential. |
| a subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge | electron The flow of electrons through a conductor constitutes an electric current. |
| a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system | entropy The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy in an isolated system tends to increase over time. |
| a biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions in living organisms | enzyme Enzymes play a critical role in digestion by breaking down complex food molecules. |
| a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced | equilibrium Chemical equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. |
| the force that attracts objects with mass toward one another | gravity Einstein's theory of general relativity redefined gravity as the curvature of spacetime. |
| the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion | inertia Newton's first law describes inertia as the property that keeps objects at rest or in uniform motion. |
| a variant of a chemical element that differs in neutron number | isotope Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope used in archaeological dating of organic materials. |
| relating to or resulting from motion | kinetic Kinetic energy increases proportionally with the square of an object's velocity. |
| having the properties of a magnet or relating to magnetism | magnetic The Earth's magnetic field protects the planet from harmful solar radiation. |
| a type of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells | mitosis Mitosis is essential for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms. |
| a subatomic particle with no electric charge found in the atomic nucleus | neutron The number of neutrons in a nucleus can vary among isotopes of the same element. |
| the central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons | nucleus The nucleus of an atom contains nearly all of its mass despite occupying a tiny fraction of its volume. |
| the movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane | osmosis Osmosis is vital for maintaining water balance in plant and animal cells. |
| a chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons or the gain of oxygen | oxidation Rusting is a common example of oxidation in which iron reacts with oxygen and moisture. |
| a minute portion of matter with specific physical properties | particle The behaviour of subatomic particles challenged classical assumptions about the nature of matter. |
| a quantum of electromagnetic radiation with zero rest mass | photon A photon carries energy proportional to its frequency according to Planck's equation. |
| a state of matter consisting of ionised gas with free electrons | plasma Plasma is the most abundant state of matter in the universe, found in stars and interstellar space. |
| a large molecule composed of many repeated smaller units called monomers | polymer Plastics are synthetic polymers that have transformed modern manufacturing and packaging. |
| a subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge found in the nucleus | proton The number of protons in the nucleus determines the chemical identity of an element. |
| the minimum amount of a physical quantity that can exist independently | quantum Quantum mechanics describes the behaviour of matter and energy at the smallest scales. |
| the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or subatomic particles | radiation Exposure to ionising radiation can damage DNA and increase the risk of developing cancer. |
| a substance used to cause a chemical reaction for analysis or synthesis | reagent The reagent was added to the solution to test for the presence of specific metal ions. |
| something that evokes a specific response in an organism or system | stimulus The researchers measured the neural response to each visual stimulus presented on the screen. |
| the speed of an object in a given direction | velocity The velocity of light in a vacuum is approximately 300,000 kilometres per second. |
| a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow | viscosity The viscosity of honey is much greater than that of water at room temperature. |
| a measurable factor that defines or limits a system or sets conditions for operation | parameter The experiment was conducted within carefully defined parameters to ensure consistency. |
| to extend known data or trends to estimate unknown values | extrapolate Scientists extrapolated from current warming rates to predict future global temperatures. |
| to estimate a value within the range of known data points | interpolate The missing temperature readings were interpolated from adjacent measurements in the dataset. |
| a solid formed from a solution during a chemical reaction | precipitate A white precipitate formed immediately when the two solutions were mixed together. |
| the process by which an organism maintains its body temperature | thermoregulation Thermoregulation in mammals involves sweating, shivering, and adjusting blood flow to the skin. |
| the branch of science concerned with the classification of organisms | taxonomy Modern taxonomy relies on genetic analysis as well as physical characteristics to classify species. |
| allowing liquids or gases to pass through | permeable The permeable membrane allowed water molecules to pass through while blocking larger solutes. |
| not consisting of or derived from living matter | inorganic Inorganic chemistry focuses on the properties and behaviour of compounds that are not carbon-based. |
| a substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution | solute The concentration of solute in the solution was measured using spectrophotometry. |
| one of two or more alternative forms of a gene | allele The dominant allele determines the phenotype when paired with a recessive allele. |
| the genetic constitution of an individual organism | genotype The genotype of the plant was analysed to predict its resistance to disease. |
| the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from genes and environment | phenotype Environmental factors can influence the phenotype even when the genotype remains unchanged. |
| a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene | mutation The mutation in the gene was linked to an increased susceptibility to the disease. |
| the maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism | homeostasis Homeostasis ensures that body temperature, pH, and blood sugar levels remain within optimal ranges. |
| a close and long-term interaction between two different biological species | symbiosis The symbiosis between clownfish and sea anemones benefits both organisms in their marine habitat. |
| the gradual destruction of a material by chemical reaction with its environment | corrosion Corrosion of iron structures can be prevented by applying protective coatings or galvanisation. |
| the process of purifying a liquid by heating and cooling to separate components | distillation Distillation is widely used in the petrochemical industry to separate crude oil into its components. |
| the use of electric current to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction | electrolysis Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxygen, offering a clean energy source. |
| the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed radiation | fluorescence The fluorescence of the dye under ultraviolet light confirmed the presence of the target protein. |
| the distance between successive crests of a wave | wavelength Different colours of light correspond to different wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum. |
| the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time | frequency The frequency of the sound wave determines its pitch as perceived by the human ear. |
| the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position | amplitude The amplitude of the signal was measured to determine the strength of the transmission. |
| the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another | refraction Refraction of light through a prism separates white light into its component colours. |
| the resistance encountered when one surface moves over another | friction Friction between the tyre and road surface is essential for vehicle traction and braking. |
| directed toward the centre of rotation or curvature | centripetal Centripetal acceleration keeps a satellite in orbit by constantly pulling it toward the Earth. |
| the branch of physics dealing with heat and its relation to energy and work | thermodynamics The laws of thermodynamics govern the behaviour of energy in all physical and chemical processes. |
| the calculation of quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions | stoichiometry Stoichiometry allows chemists to predict the amounts of products formed in a reaction. |
| a technique for determining concentration by adding a reagent of known strength | titration The acid-base titration was used to determine the precise concentration of the unknown solution. |
| a technique for separating a mixture based on differential movement through a medium | chromatography Gas chromatography was employed to analyse the composition of the atmospheric sample. |
| the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation | spectroscopy Spectroscopy enabled researchers to identify the chemical composition of distant stars. |
| a regular back-and-forth movement around a central point | oscillation The oscillation of the pendulum was timed precisely to calibrate the measurement device. |
| the reinforcement of vibrations when their frequency matches a system's natural frequency | resonance Acoustic resonance in the concert hall was optimised to enhance the quality of the sound. |
| a material that conducts electricity with zero resistance below a critical temperature | superconductor Research into superconductors could revolutionise energy transmission and magnetic levitation. |
| the transition of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase | sublimation Dry ice undergoes sublimation at room temperature, converting directly from solid to vapour. |
| the point at which no more of a substance can be dissolved or absorbed | saturation The solution reached saturation when additional salt could no longer dissolve at room temperature. |
| a metabolic process in which organisms convert sugar to acid, gas, or alcohol | fermentation Fermentation has been used for millennia to produce bread, wine, and other food products. |
| describing a reaction that releases energy in the form of heat | exothermic Combustion is an exothermic reaction that releases significant amounts of thermal energy. |
| describing a reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat | endothermic Photosynthesis is an endothermic process that absorbs light energy to produce glucose. |
| irregular and chaotic flow of a fluid causing mixing and disruption | turbulence Atmospheric turbulence can be hazardous to aircraft and is closely monitored by meteorologists. |
| the transmission or spreading of a wave or signal through a medium | propagation The propagation of seismic waves through the Earth provides data about its internal structure. |
| the time required for half the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay | half-life The half-life of carbon-14 is approximately 5,730 years, making it useful for dating ancient artefacts. |
| a metallic substance made by combining two or more metallic elements | alloy Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that is stronger and more durable than pure iron. |
| the upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or floating object | buoyancy Buoyancy determines whether an object will float or sink based on its density relative to the fluid. |
| the removal of water from a substance or the condition of excessive water loss | dehydration Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction in which two molecules join by losing a water molecule. |
| the process of adjusting an instrument to ensure accurate measurements | calibration Regular calibration of laboratory equipment is essential for producing reliable experimental results. |
| occurring at a constant temperature | isothermal The isothermal expansion of a gas was studied to verify the predictions of the ideal gas law. |
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