Environment & Nature

QuestionAnswer
the variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat or the world
biodiversity
The loss of biodiversity threatens the stability of ecosystems around the globe.
the ability to maintain ecological balance without depleting natural resources
sustainability
Sustainability has become a central concern in urban planning and development policy.
the clearing or removal of forests or trees from land
deforestation
Deforestation in the Amazon basin has accelerated at an alarming rate in recent decades.
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
ecosystem
Coral reefs are among the most diverse and productive ecosystems on the planet.
the production and discharge of gases or radiation into the atmosphere
emissions
Reducing carbon emissions is critical to mitigating the effects of climate change.
the protection and preservation of natural environments and wildlife
conservation
Conservation efforts have helped prevent the extinction of several endangered species.
relating to a resource that is naturally replenished and not depleted when used
renewable
Investment in renewable energy sources such as wind and solar has grown substantially.
the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment
pollution
Air pollution in major cities has been linked to a range of respiratory diseases.
the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism
habitat
Habitat destruction is one of the primary causes of species decline worldwide.
the permanent disappearance of a species from the earth
extinction
Scientists warn that the current rate of extinction is far higher than the natural background rate.
the plants of a particular region, habitat, or geological period
flora
The tropical rainforest contains an extraordinarily rich diversity of flora.
the animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period
fauna
The island's unique fauna evolved in isolation over millions of years.
the gradual wearing away of soil or rock by wind, water, or other natural agents
erosion
Coastal erosion poses a serious threat to communities living near the shoreline.
a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall leading to water shortage
drought
Severe drought has devastated agricultural output in several African nations.
rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground
precipitation
Changes in precipitation patterns can have significant impacts on agriculture and water supply.
relating to heat generated from within the earth
geothermal
Iceland relies heavily on geothermal energy to heat homes and generate electricity.
produced or involving production without the use of chemical fertilisers or pesticides
organic
The demand for organic produce has increased as consumers become more health-conscious.
to make impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance
contaminate
Industrial waste can contaminate rivers and groundwater supplies.
to use up the supply or resources of something
deplete
Overfishing continues to deplete fish stocks in many of the world's oceans.
the deterioration or decline in quality or condition of the environment
degradation
Environmental degradation resulting from industrial activity has affected public health.
the process of replanting trees in areas where forests have been cleared
reforestation
Reforestation programmes aim to restore degraded land and increase carbon absorption.
the process by which fertile land becomes desert, often due to climate change or overuse
desertification
Desertification threatens the livelihoods of millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa.
relating to gases in the atmosphere that trap heat and warm the earth's surface
greenhouse
The greenhouse effect is intensified by the burning of fossil fuels.
a chemical element that forms the basis of all known life and is a major component of emissions
carbon
Reducing one's carbon footprint is an important step towards environmental responsibility.
an underground layer of rock or sediment that holds groundwater
aquifer
Over-extraction from the aquifer has led to a significant drop in the water table.
an area of land that is saturated with water, such as a marsh or swamp
wetland
Wetlands play a vital role in filtering water and providing flood protection.
the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy
photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is fundamental to life on earth as it produces oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide.
plants considered collectively, especially those found in a particular area
vegetation
Dense vegetation along riverbanks helps prevent soil erosion and maintain water quality.
the layer of gases surrounding the earth
atmosphere
The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is driving global temperature increases.
the arrangement of the natural and physical features of an area of land
topography
The region's topography, with its steep mountains and deep valleys, influences local weather patterns.
relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth
seismic
Seismic activity in the region has increased, raising concerns about potential earthquakes.
a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance
tsunami
The 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean caused widespread devastation across coastal communities.
a mass of snow, ice, and rocks falling rapidly down a mountainside
avalanche
Climate change has increased the frequency and unpredictability of avalanches in alpine regions.
a storm with violent wind, particularly in the western Atlantic Ocean
hurricane
The intensity of hurricanes is expected to increase as ocean temperatures rise.
a thick layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year
permafrost
Thawing permafrost releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.
a vast, flat, treeless arctic region where the subsoil is permanently frozen
tundra
The tundra ecosystem is particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming.
relating to the region between the tropics, characterised by warm temperatures
tropical
Tropical rainforests are home to more than half of the world's plant and animal species.
relating to a climate with mild temperatures, between tropical and polar
temperate
Temperate forests undergo seasonal changes that affect the entire food chain.
an area of land that drains all rainfall into a common outlet such as a river
watershed
Protecting the watershed is essential for maintaining clean drinking water supplies.
a slowly moving mass of ice formed from compacted snow on mountains or near the poles
glacier
Glaciers around the world are retreating at an unprecedented rate due to rising temperatures.
a form of oxygen that forms a protective layer in the upper atmosphere
ozone
The depletion of the ozone layer has increased the risk of skin cancer from ultraviolet radiation.
marine organisms that form large underwater structures called reefs
coral
Rising ocean temperatures have caused widespread coral bleaching across tropical waters.
decayed organic material used as fertiliser for growing plants
compost
Composting kitchen waste reduces landfill contributions and enriches garden soil.
to convert waste into reusable material
recycle
Governments are encouraging citizens to recycle plastics, paper, and glass to reduce waste.
the preserved remains of a prehistoric organism embedded in rock
fossil
The discovery of marine fossils on mountain tops provides evidence of geological change over time.
at serious risk of extinction
endangered
The giant panda was classified as endangered for decades before conservation efforts improved its status.
the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals
poaching
Poaching remains a significant threat to elephant and rhinoceros populations in Africa.
the establishment of a forest on land that was not previously forested
afforestation
Afforestation projects can help absorb carbon dioxide and combat climate change.
having little or no rain; very dry
arid
Arid regions require innovative water management strategies to support agriculture.
capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms
biodegradable
Using biodegradable packaging helps reduce the amount of plastic waste in landfills.
organic matter used as a fuel or energy source
biomass
Biomass energy is considered renewable because it comes from recently living organisms.
the uppermost layer of branches and leaves in a forest
canopy
The forest canopy provides shelter and food for a vast array of species.
an animal that feeds on other animals
carnivore
Large carnivores such as wolves play a crucial role in regulating prey populations.
an animal that feeds only on plants
herbivore
Herbivores such as deer and rabbits are essential components of many food chains.
an animal that eats both plants and animals
omnivore
Humans are omnivores, capable of deriving nutrition from a wide variety of food sources.
the long-term pattern of weather conditions in a particular area
climate
Global climate models predict significant temperature increases over the coming decades.
the conversion of vapour or gas to liquid, usually on a cool surface
condensation
Condensation is a key stage in the water cycle that leads to cloud formation and precipitation.
the process of turning from liquid into vapour
evaporation
Increased evaporation due to higher temperatures can intensify the water cycle.
the supply of water to land or crops through artificial channels
irrigation
Efficient irrigation techniques are essential for farming in water-scarce regions.
a microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus
microorganism
Soil microorganisms play a vital role in nutrient cycling and maintaining soil health.
a substance used for destroying insects or organisms harmful to cultivated plants
pesticide
The overuse of pesticides has been linked to a decline in pollinator populations.
matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; material deposited by water or wind
sediment
River sediment carried downstream can build up and form deltas at the coast.
fine sand, clay, or other material carried and deposited by running water
silt
Excessive silt in waterways can smother aquatic habitats and reduce water quality.
fog or haze combined with smoke and chemical pollutants
smog
Dense smog in urban centres has been linked to increased hospital admissions for respiratory illness.
able to be dissolved in a liquid, especially water
soluble
Soluble fertilisers can leach into groundwater and cause contamination.
a stretch of land with regard to its physical features
terrain
The rugged terrain of the region makes it difficult to build transport infrastructure.
a mountain or hill with a crater through which lava and gases are discharged
volcano
Volcanic eruptions can have both devastating local effects and global climate consequences.
fruit blown down from a tree by the wind, or an unexpected gain or benefit
windfall
The policy change proved to be a windfall for environmental conservation organisations.
the amount of a crop or product produced
yield
Agricultural yield has increased due to advances in farming technology and irrigation.
liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea
effluent
Strict regulations now control the discharge of industrial effluent into waterways.
a river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake
tributary
Pollution in a single tributary can affect the water quality of an entire river system.
the tidal mouth of a large river where it meets the sea
estuary
Estuaries are highly productive ecosystems that serve as nurseries for many fish species.
an enclosed environment that replicates a natural habitat
biodome
The biodome allows researchers to study tropical ecosystems in a controlled setting.
native to and found only in a particular region or environment
endemic
Many endemic species on isolated islands are especially vulnerable to habitat destruction.
tending to spread and cause damage in a new environment where it is not native
invasive
Invasive species can outcompete native organisms and disrupt local ecosystems.
to make less severe or serious
mitigate
Planting trees along coastlines can mitigate the impact of storm surges and flooding.
to isolate or capture, especially to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
sequester
Forests sequester large amounts of carbon, helping to offset industrial emissions.
containing or impregnated with salt
saline
Rising sea levels can introduce saline water into freshwater aquifers, making them unusable.
to break down or deteriorate in quality or condition
degrade
Plastic waste takes hundreds of years to degrade in the natural environment.
involving a close and long-term interaction between two different organisms
symbiotic
The symbiotic relationship between bees and flowering plants is essential for pollination.
originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native
indigenous
Indigenous plant species are better adapted to local conditions and require less water.
relating to or living in water
aquatic
Aquatic ecosystems are among the most threatened by pollution and climate change.
relating to the earth or dry land
terrestrial
Terrestrial habitats have been significantly altered by urbanisation and agriculture.
relating to or found in the sea
marine
Marine conservation zones have been established to protect vulnerable ocean habitats.
an agent that carries pollen from one plant to another, enabling fertilisation
pollinator
The decline in pollinator populations threatens global food security.
the regions of the earth's surface and atmosphere occupied by living organisms
biosphere
Human activity is having a profound and measurable impact on the biosphere.
the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle
lithosphere
The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move slowly over geological time.
all the water on, under, and above the surface of the earth
hydrosphere
Changes in the hydrosphere, such as melting ice caps, directly affect sea levels.
the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer
stratosphere
Volcanic eruptions can inject particles into the stratosphere that temporarily cool the planet.
responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment
ecotourism
Ecotourism generates revenue for local communities while promoting wildlife conservation.
the cultivation of a single crop in a given area
monoculture
Monoculture farming can deplete soil nutrients and increase vulnerability to disease.
excessive nutrient enrichment in water bodies causing algal blooms
eutrophication
Eutrophication caused by agricultural runoff has created dead zones in coastal waters.
the minimum level of food and resources needed to survive
subsistence
Subsistence farming provides enough food for the farmer's family but little surplus for sale.
a poisonous substance produced by living organisms or released by human activity
toxin
Environmental toxins can accumulate in the food chain, posing risks to predators at the top.
a substance capable of causing cancer
carcinogen
Several industrial chemicals have been identified as carcinogens and banned from consumer products.
land that has been ploughed but left unseeded for a period to restore its fertility
fallow
Leaving fields fallow periodically helps replenish soil nutrients naturally.
safe to drink; clean enough for human consumption
potable
Access to potable water remains a critical challenge in many developing countries.
relating to or living in trees
arboreal
Arboreal species such as orangutans are particularly threatened by deforestation.
relating to or consisting of material deposited by running water
alluvial
The alluvial plains along the river are among the most fertile agricultural lands in the region.
shedding leaves annually, typically in autumn
deciduous
Deciduous forests display dramatic seasonal colour changes as leaves turn before falling.
relating to trees that bear cones and have needle-like leaves
coniferous
Coniferous forests dominate the boreal regions of the northern hemisphere.
a severe flood or a heavy downpour of rain
deluge
The deluge caused widespread flooding, displacing thousands of residents.
the process of extreme drying or removal of moisture
desiccation
Desiccation of wetlands has led to the loss of critical bird breeding grounds.
active during the night
nocturnal
Many nocturnal species are affected by light pollution from urban areas.
an animal that naturally preys on others
predator
Apex predators help maintain ecological balance by controlling herbivore populations.
an animal that feeds on dead or decaying organic matter
scavenger
Scavengers such as vultures play a crucial ecological role in removing carcasses from the landscape.
tending to move from one region to another with the change of seasons
migratory
Migratory birds depend on a network of wetlands for rest stops during their long journeys.
to spend the winter in a dormant state
hibernate
Bears hibernate during winter months, relying on stored body fat for energy.
a brown deposit of partly decomposed plant material formed in acidic boggy ground
peat
Peat bogs store vast amounts of carbon, and their destruction releases it into the atmosphere.
a tree or shrub that grows in coastal saline or brackish water
mangrove
Mangrove forests protect coastlines from erosion and provide nursery habitats for fish.
a grassy plain with few trees in tropical and subtropical regions
savanna
The African savanna supports large populations of grazing animals and their predators.
a large area of flat grassland with few trees, especially in eastern Europe and Asia
steppe
The Eurasian steppe has historically been home to nomadic pastoral communities.
a group of islands clustered together in a body of water
archipelago
The archipelago is home to a remarkable diversity of unique plant and animal species.
a piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting into a body of water
peninsula
The peninsula's coastal wetlands are an important breeding ground for seabirds.
a large flat area of land that is higher than the surrounding land
plateau
The high plateau receives very little rainfall, creating semi-arid conditions.
a deep, narrow gorge with steep sides
ravine
Rapid water flow through the ravine has accelerated erosion of the surrounding landscape.
a narrow valley between hills or mountains, typically with steep rocky walls
gorge
The river carved a deep gorge through the limestone over millions of years.
a triangular area of land formed at the mouth of a river by deposited sediment
delta
River deltas are among the most fertile and densely populated regions in the world.
a long, narrow inlet with steep sides, created by glacial erosion
fjord
The fjords of Norway attract millions of tourists who come to admire their dramatic landscapes.
a shallow body of water separated from the sea by a sandbank or coral reef
lagoon
The lagoon's warm, sheltered waters provide an ideal habitat for juvenile marine species.