| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inversion: "Not only _____ the cost increase, but quality also declined." | did Not only did the cost increase, but quality also declined. |
| Inversion: "Rarely _____ such rapid progress been achieved in medical research." | has Rarely has such rapid progress been achieved in medical research. |
| Inversion: "Under no circumstances _____ this information be shared with third parties." | should Under no circumstances should this information be shared with third parties. |
| Inversion: "Never before _____ the world faced such a complex environmental challenge." | has Never before has the world faced such a complex environmental challenge. |
| Inversion: "Only by investing in education _____ a nation truly prosper." | can Only by investing in education can a nation truly prosper. |
| Inversion: "No sooner _____ the law been passed than protests erupted across the country." | had No sooner had the law been passed than protests erupted across the country. |
| Inversion: "Little _____ they realise the full extent of the environmental damage." | did Little did they realise the full extent of the environmental damage. |
| Inversion: "Seldom _____ we see such a dramatic shift in public opinion." | do Seldom do we see such a dramatic shift in public opinion. |
| Inversion: "Hardly _____ the government announced the policy when criticism began." | had Hardly had the government announced the policy when criticism began. |
| Inversion: "On no account _____ students be permitted to use electronic devices during the exam." | should On no account should students be permitted to use electronic devices during the exam. |
| Third conditional: "If the government _____ acted sooner, the crisis could have been avoided." | had If the government had acted sooner, the crisis could have been avoided. |
| Third conditional: "Had the research _____ conducted earlier, many more lives could have survived." | been Had the research been conducted earlier, many more lives could have survived. |
| Formal conditional: "Were it not _____ international aid, many communities would face famine." | for Were it not for international aid, many communities would face famine. |
| Formal conditional: "_____ the funding be approved, construction will begin immediately." | Should Should the funding be approved, construction will begin immediately. |
| Third conditional: "The outcome would have been different if stricter regulations _____ been in place." | had The outcome would have been different if stricter regulations had been in place. |
| Mixed conditional: "If the country _____ invested in renewable energy decades ago, it would not be so dependent on imports now." | had If the country had invested in renewable energy decades ago, it would not be so dependent on imports now. |
| Formal conditional: "Were the government _____ increase funding, the problem could be resolved." | to Were the government to increase funding, the problem could be resolved. |
| Second conditional: "If every household _____ to reduce its energy consumption by 10%, the impact would be enormous." | were If every household were to reduce its energy consumption by 10%, the impact would be enormous. |
| Third conditional: "If more emphasis _____ been placed on prevention, the outbreak could have been contained." | had If more emphasis had been placed on prevention, the outbreak could have been contained. |
| Formal conditional: "_____ this trend continue, the consequences will be severe." | Should Should this trend continue, the consequences will be severe. |
| Participle clause: "_____ considered all the evidence, the committee reached its decision." | Having Having considered all the evidence, the committee reached its decision. |
| Participle clause: "_____ from a historical perspective, the policy represents a significant shift." | Viewed Viewed from a historical perspective, the policy represents a significant shift. |
| Participle clause: "_____ into account the rising costs, the project may no longer be viable." | Taking Taking into account the rising costs, the project may no longer be viable. |
| Participle clause: "_____ in 2019, the study examined the effects of urbanisation on mental health." | Published Published in 2019, the study examined the effects of urbanisation on mental health. |
| Participle clause: "_____ with limited resources, the team produced remarkable results." | Working Working with limited resources, the team produced remarkable results. |
| Participle clause: "_____ completed the training programme, participants were awarded a certificate." | Having Having completed the training programme, participants were awarded a certificate. |
| Participle clause: "_____ to extreme weather conditions, the region has developed resilient infrastructure." | Exposed Exposed to extreme weather conditions, the region has developed resilient infrastructure. |
| Participle clause: "_____ that the deadline was approaching, the team increased their efforts." | Realising Realising that the deadline was approaching, the team increased their efforts. |
| Participle clause: "_____ correctly, renewable energy can meet a significant portion of demand." | Utilised Utilised correctly, renewable energy can meet a significant portion of demand. |
| Participle clause: "_____ by the findings, the government revised its environmental policy." | Alarmed Alarmed by the findings, the government revised its environmental policy. |
| Passive: "It is widely _____ that education is the key to economic development." | acknowledged It is widely acknowledged that education is the key to economic development. |
| Passive: "The proposal is said to _____ been rejected by the majority of committee members." | have The proposal is said to have been rejected by the majority of committee members. |
| Passive: "It is generally _____ that climate change poses a threat to global food security." | accepted It is generally accepted that climate change poses a threat to global food security. |
| Passive: "The number of applicants is _____ to have doubled since last year." | believed The number of applicants is believed to have doubled since last year. |
| Passive: "It has been _____ that air pollution causes over four million premature deaths annually." | estimated It has been estimated that air pollution causes over four million premature deaths annually. |
| Passive: "The new measures are _____ to reduce emissions by up to 30%." | expected The new measures are expected to reduce emissions by up to 30%. |
| Passive: "It is often _____ that technological progress always leads to social improvement." | assumed It is often assumed that technological progress always leads to social improvement. |
| Passive: "The policy was _____ to have been a failure by most political analysts." | considered The policy was considered to have been a failure by most political analysts. |
| Passive: "Steps are being _____ to address the growing problem of youth unemployment." | taken Steps are being taken to address the growing problem of youth unemployment. |
| Passive: "It should be _____ out that these results are preliminary and require further verification." | pointed It should be pointed out that these results are preliminary and require further verification. |
| Subjunctive: "It is essential that every child _____ given equal access to education." | be It is essential that every child be given equal access to education. |
| Subjunctive: "The committee recommended that the plan _____ revised before implementation." | be The committee recommended that the plan be revised before implementation. |
| Subjunctive: "It is vital that the government _____ immediate action to address the issue." | take It is vital that the government take immediate action to address the issue. |
| Subjunctive: "The report urged that funding _____ allocated to mental health services." | be The report urged that funding be allocated to mental health services. |
| Subjunctive: "It is imperative that measures _____ put in place before the situation worsens." | be It is imperative that measures be put in place before the situation worsens. |
| Subjunctive: "The professor insisted that every student _____ the assignment independently." | complete The professor insisted that every student complete the assignment independently. |
| Subjunctive: "It is desirable that all employees _____ trained in first aid procedures." | be It is desirable that all employees be trained in first aid procedures. |
| Subjunctive: "The proposal demands that the company _____ its environmental practices." | review The proposal demands that the company review its environmental practices. |
| Cleft sentence: "It _____ education that holds the key to reducing poverty in the long term." | is It is education that holds the key to reducing poverty in the long term. |
| Cleft sentence: "What _____ needed above all else? A comprehensive approach to healthcare reform." | is What is needed is a comprehensive approach to healthcare reform. |
| Cleft sentence: "It was not until the 20th century _____ women gained the right to vote in most countries." | that It was not until the 20th century that women gained the right to vote in most countries. |
| Cleft sentence: "What concerns experts _____ is the rapid rate of species extinction." | most What concerns experts most is the rapid rate of species extinction. |
| Cleft sentence: "It is only _____ examining the data closely that the true pattern emerges." | by It is only by examining the data closely that the true pattern emerges. |
| Cleft sentence: "What makes this study unique _____ its longitudinal design spanning two decades." | is What makes this study unique is its longitudinal design spanning two decades. |
| Cleft sentence: "It was the Industrial Revolution _____ fundamentally transformed urban landscapes." | that It was the Industrial Revolution that fundamentally transformed urban landscapes. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of forests has accelerated dramatically in recent decades." (destroy → noun) | destruction The destruction of forests has accelerated dramatically in recent decades. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of new policies requires careful planning and consultation." (implement → noun) | implementation The implementation of new policies requires careful planning and consultation. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of wealth continues to widen in many industrialised nations." (distribute → noun) | distribution The distribution of wealth continues to widen in many industrialised nations. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of renewable energy sources is crucial for a sustainable future." (adopt → noun) | adoption The adoption of renewable energy sources is crucial for a sustainable future. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of the economy depends heavily on consumer confidence." (recover → noun) | recovery The recovery of the economy depends heavily on consumer confidence. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of traditional values is a concern for many older generations." (erode → noun) | erosion The erosion of traditional values is a concern for many older generations. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of biodiversity poses a serious threat to ecosystem stability." (lose → noun) | loss The loss of biodiversity poses a serious threat to ecosystem stability. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of the findings was met with both praise and scepticism." (publish → noun) | publication The publication of the findings was met with both praise and scepticism. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of resources is a key challenge for developing nations." (allocate → noun) | allocation The allocation of resources is a key challenge for developing nations. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of the population has placed strain on public services." (age → noun) | ageing The ageing of the population has placed strain on public services. |
| Hedging: "It _____ be argued that economic growth should not come at the expense of the environment." | could It could be argued that economic growth should not come at the expense of the environment. |
| Hedging: "There _____ to be a strong correlation between income and educational attainment." | appears There appears to be a strong correlation between income and educational attainment. |
| Hedging: "The evidence _____ to suggest that early intervention is more effective." | tends The evidence tends to suggest that early intervention is more effective. |
| Hedging: "This _____ indicate that the policy has not achieved its intended goals." | may This may indicate that the policy has not achieved its intended goals. |
| Hedging: "It is _____ likely that the trend will continue in the coming decade." | highly It is highly likely that the trend will continue in the coming decade. |
| Hedging: "The results _____ that further research is needed before any conclusions can be drawn." | suggest The results suggest that further research is needed before any conclusions can be drawn. |
| Hedging: "It is _____ possible that other factors contributed to the observed decline." | entirely It is entirely possible that other factors contributed to the observed decline. |
| Hedging: "The data would _____ to confirm the hypothesis proposed by earlier researchers." | seem The data would seem to confirm the hypothesis proposed by earlier researchers. |
| Hedging: "To a _____ extent, the success of the programme depends on parental involvement." | large To a large extent, the success of the programme depends on parental involvement. |
| Hedging: "It _____ without saying that education plays a vital role in social development." | goes It goes without saying that education plays a vital role in social development. |
| Comparative: "The _____ developed the infrastructure, the greater the economic potential." | more The more developed the infrastructure, the greater the economic potential. |
| Emphasis: "By _____ the most significant factor is the quality of teacher training." | far By far the most significant factor is the quality of teacher training. |
| Comparative: "The problem is _____ more complex than it initially appears." | far The problem is far more complex than it initially appears. |
| Comparative: "The _____ we delay action on climate change, the more costly the consequences will be." | longer The longer we delay action on climate change, the more costly the consequences will be. |
| Comparative: "This approach is considerably _____ effective than traditional methods." | more This approach is considerably more effective than traditional methods. |
| Superlative: "Of all the challenges facing society, poverty is _____ the most pressing." | arguably Of all the challenges facing society, poverty is arguably the most pressing. |
| Comparative: "The gap between rich and poor is growing ever _____." | wider The gap between rich and poor is growing ever wider. |
| Reduced relative: "The study, _____ in the British Medical Journal, attracted widespread attention." | published The study, published in the British Medical Journal, attracted widespread attention. |
| Relative clause: "Students _____ wish to apply for the scholarship must submit their forms by Friday." | who Students who wish to apply for the scholarship must submit their forms by Friday. |
| Non-defining relative: "The new policy, _____ was introduced last year, has proven highly effective." | which The new policy, which was introduced last year, has proven highly effective. |
| Reduced relative: "The resources _____ to combat the crisis were deemed insufficient." | allocated The resources allocated to combat the crisis were deemed insufficient. |
| Reduced relative: "Measures _____ to reduce emissions have had limited success so far." | designed Measures designed to reduce emissions have had limited success so far. |
| Non-defining relative: "China, _____ population exceeds 1.4 billion, faces unique urbanisation challenges." | whose China, whose population exceeds 1.4 billion, faces unique urbanisation challenges. |
| Reduced relative: "The data _____ from the survey revealed some unexpected trends." | gathered The data gathered from the survey revealed some unexpected trends. |
| Non-defining relative: "The report, the findings of _____ were controversial, sparked a national debate." | which The report, the findings of which were controversial, sparked a national debate. |
| Concessive: "_____ the fact that the economy has grown, unemployment remains high." | Despite Despite the fact that the economy has grown, unemployment remains high. |
| Concessive: "Much _____ the government has invested in infrastructure, the transport system remains inadequate." | as Much as the government has invested in infrastructure, the transport system remains inadequate. |
| Concessive: "_____ beneficial the policy may appear, its long-term effects remain uncertain." | However However beneficial the policy may appear, its long-term effects remain uncertain. |
| Purpose: "Strict regulations were introduced so _____ to prevent further environmental damage." | as Strict regulations were introduced so as to prevent further environmental damage. |
| Emphasis: "So severe _____ the flooding that thousands of residents had to be evacuated." | was So severe was the flooding that thousands of residents had to be evacuated. |
| Result: "The pollution was such _____ the river could no longer support aquatic life." | that The pollution was such that the river could no longer support aquatic life. |
| Contrast: "_____ some argue that technology isolates people, others believe it brings them together." | While While some argue that technology isolates people, others believe it brings them together. |
| Emphasis: "Such _____ the demand for housing that prices have tripled in a decade." | is Such is the demand for housing that prices have tripled in a decade. |
| Addition: "Not only does exercise improve physical health, _____ it also enhances mental well-being." | but Not only does exercise improve physical health, but it also enhances mental well-being. |
| Concessive: "_____ it or not, the majority of young people now prefer online learning to traditional classrooms." | Believe Believe it or not, the majority of young people now prefer online learning to traditional classrooms. |
| Inversion: "At no point _____ the authorities acknowledge the severity of the situation." | did At no point did the authorities acknowledge the severity of the situation. |
| Third conditional: "Had stricter measures _____ enforced, the environmental damage could have stayed minimal." | been Had stricter measures been enforced, the environmental damage could have been minimised. |
| Participle clause: "_____ failed to secure adequate funding, the project was eventually abandoned." | Having Having failed to secure adequate funding, the project was eventually abandoned. |
| Passive: "It is frequently _____ that social media contributes to anxiety among teenagers." | argued It is frequently argued that social media contributes to anxiety among teenagers. |
| Subjunctive: "It is crucial that the public _____ made aware of the risks involved." | be It is crucial that the public be made aware of the risks involved. |
| Cleft sentence: "It was a lack of investment _____ ultimately led to the collapse of the programme." | that It was a lack of investment that ultimately led to the collapse of the programme. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of the local economy has left many communities without employment." (deteriorate → noun) | deterioration The deterioration of the local economy has left many communities without employment. |
| Hedging: "It is _____ that the new regulations will have a positive effect on air quality." | anticipated It is anticipated that the new regulations will have a positive effect on air quality. |
| Comparative: "The _____ access people have to education, the greater the potential for social mobility." | more The more access people have to education, the greater the potential for social mobility. |
| Reduced relative: "Children _____ up in bilingual households tend to develop stronger cognitive skills." | brought Children brought up in bilingual households tend to develop stronger cognitive skills. |
| Inversion: "Only when governments prioritise education _____ meaningful social change occur." | will Only when governments prioritise education will meaningful social change occur. |
| Formal conditional: "_____ the data prove inconclusive, additional trials will be conducted." | Should Should the data prove inconclusive, additional trials will be conducted. |
| Participle clause: "_____ by rising sea levels, coastal communities have begun relocating inland." | Threatened Threatened by rising sea levels, coastal communities have begun relocating inland. |
| Passive: "The region is _____ to have been inhabited for over ten thousand years." | thought The region is thought to have been inhabited for over ten thousand years. |
| Subjunctive: "The organisation requested that all members _____ present at the annual meeting." | be The organisation requested that all members be present at the annual meeting. |
| Cleft sentence: "What the research clearly demonstrates _____ the need for early intervention." | is What the research clearly demonstrates is the need for early intervention. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of water resources remains a contentious political issue." (distribute → noun) | distribution The distribution of water resources remains a contentious political issue. |
| Hedging: "The findings _____ indicate a link between poverty and poor health outcomes." | appear to The findings appear to indicate a link between poverty and poor health outcomes. |
| Concessive: "_____ widespread criticism, the government proceeded with the controversial reform." | Despite Despite widespread criticism, the government proceeded with the controversial reform. |
| Non-defining relative: "The Amazon rainforest, _____ is home to millions of species, faces unprecedented threats." | which The Amazon rainforest, which is home to millions of species, faces unprecedented threats. |
| Inversion: "Not until the full extent of the damage was revealed _____ the government take action." | did Not until the full extent of the damage was revealed did the government take action. |
| Third conditional: "If renewable energy _____ been prioritised earlier, carbon emissions would be far lower today." | had If renewable energy had been prioritised earlier, carbon emissions would be far lower today. |
| Participle clause: "_____ that demand was falling, the company diversified into new markets." | Recognising Recognising that demand was falling, the company diversified into new markets. |
| Passive: "It has long been _____ that exercise improves both physical and mental health." | recognised It has long been recognised that exercise improves both physical and mental health. |
| Subjunctive: "It is recommended that travellers _____ vaccinated before visiting tropical regions." | be It is recommended that travellers be vaccinated before visiting tropical regions. |
| Cleft sentence: "It is not the lack of resources _____ is the problem, but the lack of political will." | that It is not the lack of resources that is the problem, but the lack of political will. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of antibiotics revolutionised the treatment of infectious diseases." (discover → noun) | discovery The discovery of antibiotics revolutionised the treatment of infectious diseases. |
| Hedging: "There is a _____ to overestimate the benefits of technological advancement." | tendency There is a tendency to overestimate the benefits of technological advancement. |
| Comparative: "Urban areas are _____ more polluted than their rural counterparts." | significantly Urban areas are significantly more polluted than their rural counterparts. |
| Reduced relative: "The measures _____ by the committee were widely praised by environmental groups." | proposed The measures proposed by the committee were widely praised by environmental groups. |
| Inversion: "In no way _____ the results suggest that the treatment is unsafe." | do In no way do the results suggest that the treatment is unsafe. |
| Formal conditional: "Were the population _____ continue growing at this rate, resources would quickly become scarce." | to Were the population to continue growing at this rate, resources would quickly become scarce. |
| Participle clause: "_____ to harsh criticism, the minister eventually resigned from her position." | Subjected Subjected to harsh criticism, the minister eventually resigned from her position. |
| Passive: "The scheme is _____ to benefit over two million households across the country." | projected The scheme is projected to benefit over two million households across the country. |
| Subjunctive: "The doctor suggested that the patient _____ a specialist as soon as possible." | see The doctor suggested that the patient see a specialist as soon as possible. |
| Cleft sentence: "It was in the 19th century _____ the foundations of modern public health were laid." | that It was in the 19th century that the foundations of modern public health were laid. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of unemployment has far-reaching social consequences." (persist → noun) | persistence The persistence of unemployment has far-reaching social consequences. |
| Hedging: "It would _____ that the current approach is not yielding the desired results." | seem It would seem that the current approach is not yielding the desired results. |
| Emphasis: "So profound _____ the impact of the internet that it has reshaped every aspect of daily life." | is So profound is the impact of the internet that it has reshaped every aspect of daily life. |
| Relative clause: "The country, the economy of _____ depends heavily on tourism, was badly affected by the pandemic." | which The country, the economy of which depends heavily on tourism, was badly affected by the pandemic. |
| Inversion: "Only through international cooperation _____ the challenges of climate change be addressed." | can Only through international cooperation can the challenges of climate change be addressed. |
| Third conditional: "The crisis might have _____ averted if early warning systems had functioned properly." | been The crisis might have been averted if early warning systems had functioned properly. |
| Participle clause: "_____ with overwhelming evidence, the company was forced to recall its product." | Confronted Confronted with overwhelming evidence, the company was forced to recall its product. |
| Passive: "It cannot be _____ that urbanisation has brought significant economic benefits." | denied It cannot be denied that urbanisation has brought significant economic benefits. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of cultural heritage sites attracts millions of tourists annually." (preserve → noun) | preservation The preservation of cultural heritage sites attracts millions of tourists annually. |
| Hedging: "One _____ argue that stricter gun control would reduce violent crime." | might One might argue that stricter gun control would reduce violent crime. |
| Concessive: "_____ important technology may be, it should not replace face-to-face interaction entirely." | However However important technology may be, it should not replace face-to-face interaction entirely. |
| Inversion: "Nowhere _____ this problem more evident than in rapidly growing megacities." | is Nowhere is this problem more evident than in rapidly growing megacities. |
| Participle clause: "_____ carefully, the data reveals a clear pattern of declining biodiversity." | Analysed Analysed carefully, the data reveals a clear pattern of declining biodiversity. |
| Passive: "It is widely _____ that access to clean water is a basic human right." | held It is widely held that access to clean water is a basic human right. |
| Inversion: "Not for a moment _____ the researchers doubt the validity of their findings." | did Not for a moment did the researchers doubt the validity of their findings. |
| Third conditional: "If adequate precautions _____ taken, the disaster could have been prevented." | had been If adequate precautions had been taken, the disaster could have been prevented. |
| Participle clause: "_____ to the public in 2020, the park now welcomes over a million visitors a year." | Opened Opened to the public in 2020, the park now welcomes over a million visitors a year. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of global trade has transformed economies around the world." (expand → noun) | expansion The expansion of global trade has transformed economies around the world. |
| Hedging: "The study _____ to demonstrate a link between sleep quality and academic performance." | purports The study purports to demonstrate a link between sleep quality and academic performance. |
| Cleft sentence: "What _____ this approach apart is its emphasis on community involvement." | sets What sets this approach apart is its emphasis on community involvement. |
| Formal conditional: "Had it not _____ for the quick response of emergency services, the death toll would have risen." | been Had it not been for the quick response of emergency services, the death toll would have risen. |
| Concessive: "Effective _____ the policy may be in theory, its practical application remains questionable." | as Effective as the policy may be in theory, its practical application remains questionable. |
| Reduced relative: "The conclusions _____ in the report have sparked considerable controversy." | drawn The conclusions drawn in the report have sparked considerable controversy. |
| Passive: "It is _____ reported that the company plans to expand into three new markets." | widely It is widely reported that the company plans to expand into three new markets. |
| Inversion: "Only after the election results were announced _____ the true scale of the shift become clear." | did Only after the election results were announced did the true scale of the shift become clear. |
| Participle clause: "_____ equipped with modern technology, the hospital can now treat twice as many patients." | Newly Newly equipped with modern technology, the hospital can now treat twice as many patients. |
| Subjunctive: "The law requires that every building _____ inspected annually for fire safety." | be The law requires that every building be inspected annually for fire safety. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of strict penalties has failed to deter repeat offenders." (introduce → noun) | introduction The introduction of strict penalties has failed to deter repeat offenders. |
| Hedging: "It remains _____ whether the proposed reforms will achieve their stated objectives." | unclear It remains unclear whether the proposed reforms will achieve their stated objectives. |
| Comparative: "All the _____ reason, then, to invest heavily in preventive healthcare." | more All the more reason, then, to invest heavily in preventive healthcare. |
| Inversion: "So rapid _____ the spread of the virus that borders were closed within days." | was So rapid was the spread of the virus that borders were closed within days. |
| Third conditional: "The famine would not have occurred _____ the government responded to early warnings." | had The famine would not have occurred had the government responded to early warnings. |
| Passive: "New approaches to urban planning are being _____ in cities across the developing world." | adopted New approaches to urban planning are being adopted in cities across the developing world. |
| Cleft sentence: "It is through education _____ societies can break the cycle of poverty." | that It is through education that societies can break the cycle of poverty. |
| Participle clause: "_____ the limitations of the study, the authors called for further research." | Acknowledging Acknowledging the limitations of the study, the authors called for further research. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of greenhouse gases must be drastically cut to meet climate targets." (emit → noun) | emission The emission of greenhouse gases must be drastically cut to meet climate targets. |
| Hedging: "It is _____ to say that technology has transformed the way we communicate." | fair It is fair to say that technology has transformed the way we communicate. |
| Inversion: "Scarcely _____ the ink dried on the agreement before disputes arose." | had Scarcely had the ink dried on the agreement before disputes arose. |
| Reduced relative: "The challenges _____ by developing nations require coordinated international support." | faced The challenges faced by developing nations require coordinated international support. |
| Formal conditional: "Were it _____ for public pressure, the reforms would never have taken place." | not Were it not for public pressure, the reforms would never have taken place. |
| Concessive: "_____ having access to vast natural resources, the country remains one of the poorest in the world." | Despite Despite having access to vast natural resources, the country remains one of the poorest in the world. |
| Passive: "It must be _____ in mind that correlation does not imply causation." | borne It must be borne in mind that correlation does not imply causation. |
| Nominalization: "The _____ of civil liberties is a fundamental principle of democratic governance." (protect → noun) | protection The protection of civil liberties is a fundamental principle of democratic governance. |
| Inversion: "Only with sustained effort and investment _____ lasting change be achieved." | can Only with sustained effort and investment can lasting change be achieved. |
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