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Icelandic

### Technical Processes: Nouns in -ing and -un

In Icelandic, many verbs can be turned into nouns that describe an action or process, like *ventilation* or *drilling*. These derived nouns frequently end in **-ing** or **-un** and are always feminine. 

In the nominative case (as the subject), they take the standard feminine definite article **-in**.

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### Declining -ing Nouns

When acting as objects or following certain prepositions, nouns ending in **-ing** take a **-u** ending in the accusative and dative singular. 

Since these technical processes are usually discussed in the definite sense, you will mostly see them with the article attached. The **-u** ending remains before the article, creating the endings **-inguna** (accusative) and **-ingunni** (dative).

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### Declining -un Nouns

Nouns ending in **-un** do not take the extra **-u** in the accusative and dative. When the definite article is attached, they take the standard endings: **-unina** (accusative) and **-uninni** (dative).

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Feminine nouns ending in -ing and -un

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Question	Answer
the mine	náman
We have to dig deep into the mine tomorrow.	Við verðum að grafa djúpt í námuna á morgun.
the ventilation	loftræstingin
Is the ventilation in the mine good?	Er loftræstingin í námunni góð?
the geologist	jarðfræðingurinn
The geologist asks whether we need to fix the ventilation.	Jarðfræðingurinn spyr hvort við þurfum að laga loftræstinguna.
the processing	vinnslan
The ventilation is very important for the processing.	Loftræstingin er mjög mikilvæg fyrir vinnsluna.
the drilling	borunin
The processing starts after the drilling finishes.	Vinnslan byrjar eftir að borunin klárast.
I control the processing with my computer.	Ég stjórna vinnslunni með tölvunni minni.
The drilling takes a long time.	Borunin tekur langan tíma.
We start on the drilling before we use the pump.	Við byrjum á boruninni áður en við notum dæluna.
the drill (bit)	borinn
Where is our new drill?	Hvar er nýi borinn okkar?
We break the stone with the drill.	Við brjótum steininn með bornum.
the pumping	dælingin
They stop the pumping because of the breakdown.	Þeir hætta dælingunni vegna bilunarinnar.
The pumping of the water is difficult.	Dælingin á vatninu er erfið.
the mineral	steinefnið
Do you find a lot of this mineral here?	Finnur þú mikið af þessu steinefni hér?
The mineral goes directly into the processing.	Steinefnið fer beint í vinnsluna.
The geologist intends to investigate the mine.	Jarðfræðingurinn ætlar að rannsaka námuna.
the monitoring	vöktunin
She talks to the geologist about the monitoring.	Hún talar við jarðfræðinginn um vöktunina.
The monitoring is necessary for the safety.	Vöktunin er nauðsynleg fyrir öryggið.
We measure the pressure for the monitoring.	Við mælum þrýstinginn fyrir vöktunina.
the utilization	nýtingin
The utilization of the metal must be better.	Nýtingin á málminum hlýtur að vera betri.
I am happy with the utilization today.	Ég er ánægður með nýtinguna í dag.