Máy giặt bị hỏng.

It is a compound noun:

• máy = machine, device
• giặt = to wash clothes, do the laundry

So máy giặt literally means washing machine.

Vietnamese often leaves articles out. A bare noun like máy giặt can mean the washing machine, a washing machine, or just washing machines, depending on context.

If you want to be more specific, you can add words such as:

• một cái máy giặt = a washing machine
• cái máy giặt này = this washing machine
• cái máy giặt đó = that washing machine

In this sentence, máy giặt by itself is completely normal.

Vietnamese often does not use a copula like English is before adjectives or states.

In English, you say The washing machine is broken.
In Vietnamese, hỏng can directly be the predicate, so Máy giặt hỏng already means The washing machine is broken.

This is very common in Vietnamese grammar.

bị often marks that the subject is affected by something negative, unwanted, or unfortunate.

So in Máy giặt bị hỏng, bị adds a nuance like:

• it ended up broken
• it has been affected in a bad way
• unfortunately, it is broken

Without bị, the sentence still works. With bị, the bad-result feeling is a little clearer.

It is often taught as related to the passive, but it is not exactly the same as an English passive in every case.

With bị, Vietnamese often focuses on the subject being negatively affected. Sometimes there is an outside agent, and sometimes there is not.

For example:

• Xe tôi bị lấy mất rồi = My bike was taken
• Máy giặt bị hỏng = The washing machine is broken / has broken down

In your sentence, no agent is mentioned. It does not necessarily mean someone broke it. It mainly tells you the machine is now in a bad state.

Yes. Máy giặt hỏng is natural and common.

Very roughly:

• Máy giặt hỏng = The washing machine is broken
• Máy giặt bị hỏng = The washing machine has ended up broken / is unfortunately broken

In everyday speech, both can be used. The version with bị can sound a bit more like the speaker is emphasizing the negative result.

Both hỏng and hư can mean broken, damaged, or out of order.

For a machine, both are common:

• Máy giặt hỏng
• Máy giặt hư

Some small differences in nuance and region may exist, but in many everyday situations they are interchangeable. Learners will hear both.

No, not by itself.

Máy giặt bị hỏng only tells you the washing machine is in a broken state. It could have broken by itself, worn out over time, or been damaged by someone.

If you want to say who or what caused it, you would add more information, for example:

• Máy giặt bị hỏng do dùng lâu ngày = The washing machine broke because it had been used for a long time
• Máy giặt bị ai đó làm hỏng = The washing machine was broken by someone

Because classifiers are not always required.

A bare noun can often be used directly, especially when it is the subject of a sentence. So Máy giặt bị hỏng is perfectly normal.

You can also say Cái máy giặt bị hỏng, especially if you are talking about a particular machine and want a slightly more concrete or conversational feel. But cái is not necessary here.

The exact pronunciation depends somewhat on region, but a few points help:

• giặt has a short, stopped ending because of the final t
• it carries a heavy low tone
• in northern speech, gi often sounds like a z sound
• in southern speech, it may sound closer to y

So you may hear something roughly like:

• northern: something like zyat
• southern: something like yat

Those are only rough guides. The tone and final t are important.