Мені потрібно ще часу.

Here потрібно is an impersonal predicative word meaning necessary / needed. It is not acting like a normal personal verb such as English need. That is why the sentence is built differently from English.

Compare:

• Мені потрібно ще часу. = impersonal structure
• Мені потрібен час. = agreeing form, where потрібен matches час

Yes. Learners often first meet потрібно with an infinitive, as in Мені потрібно піти = I need to go. But it can also be used with a noun phrase to say what is needed:

• Мені потрібно часу. = I need time
• Нам потрібно допомоги. = We need help

So the structure in your sentence is completely normal.

Because часу is the genitive singular form of час. In Ukrainian, after impersonal words like потрібно or треба, the thing needed is often put in the genitive when it means an indefinite amount of something.

So часу here suggests some time / more time, not a specifically identified unit of time. This is especially common with abstract or uncountable ideas like time, money, help, and so on.

Here ще most naturally means more, additional, or some more. So the sentence means something like I need more time.

Depending on context, ще can also overlap with the idea of still. That is why in some situations the sentence can feel close to I still need more time.

Yes, absolutely. That is a very natural alternative.

The difference is mainly in structure and nuance:

• Мені ще потрібен час uses потрібен, which agrees with час
• Мені потрібно ще часу uses impersonal потрібно plus genitive часу

Very roughly:

• Мені ще потрібен час can feel like I still need time
• Мені потрібно ще часу often highlights an additional amount of time

In real conversation, both can work.

Yes, it is grammatical, but it sounds more formal or bookish than the sentence you have. In everyday speech, Ukrainians much more often say:

• Мені потрібно...
• Мені треба...

So Я потребую ще часу is possible, but Мені потрібно ще часу sounds more natural in ordinary conversation.

It is natural and understandable. Still, in casual speech, many speakers might say one of these:

• Мені треба ще трохи часу.
• Мені потрібно ще трохи часу.
• Мені ще потрібен час.

Adding трохи makes the idea of a bit more time especially clear and is very common in everyday Ukrainian.

Yes. Ukrainian word order is flexible, and changing it changes emphasis more than basic meaning.

For example:

• Мені потрібно ще часу. = fairly neutral
• Мені ще потрібно часу. = a little more emphasis on ще
• Ще часу мені потрібно. = stronger emphasis, more marked or emotional

The version you have is a good neutral pattern to learn first.

The stress is:

мені́ потрі́бно ще ча́су

A rough English-style guide is:

meh-NEE poh-TREEB-no shche CHA-soo

The щ in ще is pronounced like a soft long shch sound.