Серветка лежить поруч із тарілкою.

Breakdown of Серветка лежить поруч із тарілкою.

поруч із
next to
лежати
to lie
тарілка
the plate
серветка
the napkin
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Questions & Answers about Серветка лежить поруч із тарілкою.

What is the gender, number, and case of серветка in this sentence?
серветка is a feminine noun, singular, in the nominative case. It stands as the subject of the sentence (the “who” or “what” that is doing the verb).
Why is the verb лежить used here, and how is лежати conjugated in the present tense?

лежить is the 3rd-person singular present tense form of the verb лежати (to lie, to be lying). In full present-tense conjugation you get:
• я лежу
• ти лежиш
• він/вона/воно лежить
• ми лежимо
• ви лежите
• вони лежать

We use лежить because серветка is “ вона” (she), so we choose the він/вона/воно form.

Why is тарілкою in the instrumental case, and what role does поруч із play here?
The phrase поруч із is a prepositional expression meaning “next to” or “beside.” In Ukrainian, із (together with many spatial prepositions) requires the noun that follows to be in the instrumental case. Hence тарілка (feminine, nominative) becomes тарілкою (feminine, singular, instrumental).
Why do we say із instead of з in поруч із тарілкою?

Both із and з mean “with” or “from,” but:
із is used before certain consonant clusters for euphony (avoids awkward combinations).
• In the fixed collocation поруч із, standard modern Ukrainian prefers із.
Informally you might still hear поруч з тарілкою, but поруч із тарілкою is the norm in writing and speech.

Where is the stress in серветка and тарілка, and how are they pronounced?

серветка – stress on the second syllable: сервЕтка (/serˈwɛtka/).
тарілка – stress on the first syllable: ТАрілка (/ˈtarilka/).

Accurate stress is important: swapping it can turn a correct word into one that sounds odd or incorrect.

How would you change the sentence to make it past tense (still talking about the napkin)?

You replace лежить with the past-tense form of лежати matching feminine gender:
Серветка лежала поруч із тарілкою.