Пацієнт скаржиться на нежить і температуру.

The dictionary form is скаржитися.

In the sentence, скаржиться is the 3rd person singular present form:

• я скаржуся / скаржусь = I complain
• ти скаржишся = you complain
• він / вона скаржиться = he / she complains

The ending -ся is a common Ukrainian verb ending often called reflexive, although in many verbs it does not translate as a literal English reflexive. With скаржитися, you should usually just learn it as part of the verb itself: скаржитися = to complain.

In medical language, скаржитися often means something like to report symptoms rather than emotionally to complain.

Because the normal pattern is:

• скаржитися на + accusative = to complain of / to complain about

So:

• скаржитися на нежить
• скаржитися на температуру
• скаржитися на біль = to complain of pain

You can think of this as a fixed verb pattern that should be memorized.

A fuller pattern is:

• скаржитися комусь на щось = to complain to someone about something

For example:

• Пацієнт скаржиться лікарю на біль у горлі.

Both nouns are governed by на, so both are in the accusative case.

But different nouns show the accusative differently:

• температура → температуру
  This is a regular change for many feminine nouns ending in -а.

• нежить stays нежить
  Its accusative form happens to look the same as its dictionary form.

So both are in the correct case; they just look different on the surface.

Also, Ukrainian does not need to repeat the preposition:

• на нежить і температуру

This means на applies to both nouns.

Literally yes, but in medical everyday usage it often means fever or an elevated temperature.

So in this sentence, скаржиться на температуру is usually understood as:

• complains of fever
• reports having a temperature

This is very similar to how English speakers sometimes say He has a temperature, meaning He has a fever, not just any measurable body temperature.

Not exactly.

нежить usually refers specifically to:

• a runny nose
• nasal discharge
• sometimes more generally rhinitis / nasal congestion symptoms

If you want to say a cold as an illness, a more common word is:

• застуда = a cold

So:

• нежить = a symptom
• застуда = the illness

Yes. Ukrainian present tense often covers both:

• a simple present meaning: complains
• an ongoing meaning: is complaining

So:

• Пацієнт скаржиться на нежить і температуру.

can be translated as:

• The patient complains of a runny nose and fever.
• The patient is complaining of a runny nose and fever.

In medical notes, English also often uses the simple present:

• The patient complains of...

So the Ukrainian and the English medical style match quite well here.

Grammatically, пацієнт is a masculine noun.

It can mean:

• a male patient, or
• sometimes a patient in a general sense, especially in formal or clinical style

If you want to specify a female patient, you would usually say:

• пацієнтка

So:

• Пацієнт скаржиться... = male patient / generic clinical wording
• Пацієнтка скаржиться... = female patient

Notice that in the present tense, the verb form is the same:

• скаржиться for both

Gender would show more clearly in the past tense:

• Пацієнт скаржився
• Пацієнтка скаржилася

Because Ukrainian has no articles.

So пацієнт can mean:

• a patient
• the patient

Which one is meant depends on context.

That is very normal in Ukrainian. The listener figures out definiteness from:

• context
• word order
• the situation
• previous mention in the conversation or text

Yes. Ukrainian word order is more flexible than English because case endings help show grammatical roles.

The given sentence is a neutral, natural order:

• Пацієнт скаржиться на нежить і температуру.

But other orders are possible for emphasis, for example:

• На нежить і температуру скаржиться пацієнт.
  This puts more focus on the symptoms.
• Скаржиться пацієнт на нежить і температуру.
  Possible, but less neutral and more stylistically marked.

For a learner, the original order is the best one to use first.

A helpful stress-marked version is:

• паціє́нт ска́ржиться на не́жить і температу́ру

A rough English-friendly approximation is:

• pa-tsi-YENT SKAR-zhyt-sya na NE-zhyt i tem-pe-ra-TU-ru

A few useful notes:

• ціє in паціє́нт sounds roughly like tsi-ye
• ж sounds like the s in measure
• the ending -ться in скаржиться is pronounced roughly like -tsya

You do not need a perfect accent immediately, but getting the stress in the right place helps a lot.