Лікар оглянув нирку.

Because нирку is the accusative singular form of нирка.

In Лікар оглянув нирку, нирка is the direct object of the verb оглянув (examined), so Ukrainian puts it in the accusative case.

For many feminine nouns ending in -а, the accusative singular changes like this:

• нирка → нирку
• книга → книгу
• мама → маму

So the change is completely normal and grammatical.

Because лікар is the subject of the sentence, and subjects are normally in the nominative case.

So here:

• лікар = nominative singular, the one doing the action
• нирку = accusative singular, the thing being examined

This is a very common Ukrainian pattern:

• Хлопець читає книгу.
• Учитель слухає ученицю.
• Лікар оглянув нирку.

The subject usually stays in nominative form.

Оглянув is a past tense, masculine singular verb form.

It tells you that:

• the action happened in the past
• the subject is singular
• the subject is masculine

So оглянув matches a masculine singular subject such as лікар.

Related past forms are:

• оглянув — masculine singular
• оглянула — feminine singular
• оглянуло — neuter singular
• оглянули — plural

So the verb form gives you useful information about the subject.

Not always by itself, but in this sentence, yes, the doctor is understood as male because the verb is оглянув, which is masculine.

The noun лікар is often used as the general word for doctor, but the verb helps show the person's gender in the past tense.

Compare:

• Лікар оглянув нирку. — the doctor was male
• Лікар оглянула нирку. — the doctor was female
• Лікарка оглянула нирку. — explicitly female doctor

So the gender is especially clear from the verb form here.

Because Ukrainian has no articles.

English distinguishes:

• a doctor
• the doctor

Ukrainian usually just says:

• лікар

The exact meaning depends on context. So Лікар оглянув нирку could mean:

• The doctor examined the kidney
• A doctor examined a kidney

In real context, the listener usually understands which one is meant.

No. Ukrainian word order is fairly flexible.

Лікар оглянув нирку is a natural, neutral order:

• subject + verb + object

But other orders are possible, especially for emphasis:

• Нирку оглянув лікар. — emphasizes the kidney
• Оглянув лікар нирку. — more marked, stylistic, or context-driven

Because Ukrainian uses case endings, word order does not carry as much grammatical burden as in English. It often shows focus or emphasis instead.

This is about aspect.

Оглянув is perfective, so it presents the action as completed:

• the doctor examined the kidney and finished doing so

Оглядав is imperfective, which would suggest:

• an ongoing action
• repeated action
• focus on the process rather than completion

So:

• Лікар оглянув нирку. — the examination was completed
• Лікар оглядав нирку. — the doctor was examining the kidney / examined it as a process

In a simple statement about a finished medical examination, оглянув is very natural.

No. Ukrainian does not require a subject pronoun when the subject is already clear.

Since лікар is explicitly present, adding він would be unnecessary:

• Лікар оглянув нирку. — perfectly natural
• Він оглянув нирку. — possible if he is already understood from context
• Лікар він оглянув нирку. — not natural as a normal sentence

So in this sentence, the noun лікар is enough.

In standard Ukrainian, г is usually not a hard English g sound.

It is pronounced more like a voiced h-like sound. In many explanations for English speakers, it is described as being somewhat like the h in ahead, but voiced.

So in оглянув, the г is Ukrainian г, not the hard g you hear in English go.

If Ukrainian wants a hard g sound, it typically uses ґ, not г.

The verb would change to agree with a feminine subject in the past tense.

You could say:

• Лікар оглянула нирку. — the doctor examined the kidney
• Лікарка оглянула нирку. — the female doctor examined the kidney

So the key change is:

• оглянув → оглянула

This is a very important feature of Ukrainian past tense: it agrees with gender.

You would change the object to the plural form.

For example:

• Лікар оглянув нирки. — the doctor examined the kidneys

Here:

• singular: нирку
• plural: нирки

So only the noun changes if the subject is still one male doctor and the completed action is the same.

It can be used more generally, but it is very natural in medical contexts.

Оглянути can mean:

• to examine
• to inspect
• to look over

So a doctor can оглянути пацієнта, but someone can also оглянути кімнату, оглянути будинок, or оглянути місце.

In this sentence, because the object is нирку, the medical sense is especially clear.