Doktor damardan kan aldı.

Doktor is the subject here, so it stays in the basic form, often called the nominative form.

• doktor = doctor
• doktoru would usually mean the doctor as an object, or sometimes his/her doctor depending on context
• bir doktor = a doctor

Turkish often leaves out something equivalent to English a/the when it is clear enough from context. So Doktor damardan kan aldı can naturally mean The doctor took blood or A doctor took blood, depending on the situation.

Damardan comes from:

• damar = vein, vessel
• -dan / -den = from

So damardan literally means from the vein or from a vein.

In medical Turkish, it can also suggest the route or source, depending on context. In this sentence, the natural idea is that the blood was taken from a vein.

The ending -dan is the ablative case, which often means:

• from
• out of
• off
• sometimes via/by way of in certain contexts

So:

• damar = vein
• damardan = from the vein / from a vein

The form is -dan here because of vowel harmony and consonant choice. After damar, the correct ablative form is -dan.

This is a very important Turkish grammar point.

Kan here is an indefinite direct object, so it stays without the accusative ending.

• kan aldı = took blood / drew blood
• kanı aldı = took the blood / took his-her-its blood, depending on context

In Turkish, a direct object often gets the accusative ending only when it is specific/definite.

So:

• kan aldı = drew blood, took some blood
• kanı aldı = took the blood, took that blood

Yes, aldı is from almak, which very often means to take.

But in Turkish, just like in English, to take can be used in many set expressions. In a medical context:

• kan almak = to take blood / to draw blood / to collect a blood sample

So although aldı literally means took, the natural English meaning in this sentence is something like drew blood or took a blood sample.

Aldı is the simple past tense:

• al- = take
• -dı = past tense
• third person singular has no extra ending here

So aldı means:

• he took
• she took
• it took

Because Turkish usually does not mark gender, aldı can mean he/she took. Here the subject is doktor, so in English we would say the doctor took.

Yes, Turkish word order is flexible, but the most neutral order is often:

Subject + other elements + Object + Verb

So here:

• Doktor = subject
• damardan = from the vein
• kan = object
• aldı = verb

This is a normal, natural Turkish sentence.

Other orders are possible for emphasis, for example:

• Damardan kan aldı doktor.
• Kan aldı doktor damardan.

But those sound more marked or context-dependent. For a learner, Doktor damardan kan aldı is the straightforward neutral version.

Yes, very much so.

Kan almak is a common expression in Turkish for:

• drawing blood
• taking a blood sample

So even though the words separately are just blood and take, together they form a very common medical collocation.

This is similar to how English says take blood or draw blood rather than something more literal like remove blood.

It depends on context, because damardan can be used in more than one medical way.

Common possibilities include:

• from a vein
• via the vein
• intravenously

In Doktor damardan kan aldı, the most natural reading is the doctor drew blood from a vein.

In another sentence, such as İlacı damardan verdi, damardan would more naturally mean through the vein / intravenously.

So the exact nuance comes from the verb and context.

Because the subject is third person singular:

• doktor = doctor
• aldı = he/she took

Turkish does not need an extra word like he or she if the subject is already stated. And since doktor is singular, the verb also stays singular.

If it were plural, you could have:

• Doktorlar damardan kan aldı. = The doctors took blood from a vein.

In everyday Turkish, third-person plural verb marking is sometimes omitted when the plural subject is already clear, though aldılar is also possible depending on style and emphasis.

Possibly in a very broad grammatical sense, but that is not the most likely interpretation.

Because the verb is kan aldı, the usual understanding is:

• the blood was taken from a vein

If the sentence were about giving medicine, an intravenous meaning would be more natural:

• Doktor ilacı damardan verdi. = The doctor gave the medicine intravenously.

So in this sentence, learners should usually understand damardan as indicating the source/location of the blood draw.

Turkish normally does not use articles the way English does.

English requires:

• the doctor
• a doctor

Turkish often simply says:

• doktor

Whether it means the doctor or a doctor depends on context.

That is completely normal in Turkish. So the absence of the is not a missing word; it is just how Turkish works.

That would make kan definite/specific.

Compare:

• kan aldı = took blood / drew blood
• kanı aldı = took the blood

So kanı aldı sounds like a specific, identifiable blood was taken. In many normal medical situations, kan aldı is more natural because it refers to drawing some blood as a sample, not to a specific already-known blood.

It is better to think of it as a noun with a case ending, not as a basic adverb.

• damar = noun
• damardan = noun in the ablative case

But in the sentence, it functions a bit like an English prepositional phrase such as from the vein. So in terms of meaning, it tells you where/from where the action happened.

That is why English speakers sometimes feel it is “adverb-like,” but grammatically in Turkish it is still built from a noun plus case ending.