Döviz kuru bugün hızlıca yükseldi.

The exchange rate rose rapidly today.

Breakdown of Döviz kuru bugün hızlıca yükseldi.

• bugün: today
• yükselmek: to rise
• hızlıca: rapidly
• döviz kuru: the exchange rate

Questions & Answers about Döviz kuru bugün hızlıca yükseldi.

What is Döviz kuru, and how is this compound formed?

Döviz kuru means “exchange rate.” It’s a noun-noun compound in Turkish where:

• döviz = “foreign currency” (first noun, uninflected)
• kuru = “rate” with a 3rd-person possessive suffix (see next question)

Together they form a fixed expression equivalent to English “the rate of foreign currency.”

Why is kuru spelled with a -u at the end?

The -u is the 3rd-person singular possessive suffix (Turkish –i/–ı/–u/–ü with vowel harmony). In this kind of compound, the first noun stays bare (döviz) and the second noun takes the possessive ending:

• kur
  • -u → kuru
    This literally marks “the rate of (that) foreign currency.”

Why isn’t there an article like “the” in Turkish?

Turkish has no separate definite or indefinite articles. Instead:

• Definite meaning (“the”) is often inferred from context or a possessive ending.
• Indefinite meaning (“a/an”) can be marked by the suffix -(y)A before a noun (e.g., kitap = “book,” kitap*-*a = “to a book”).

In döviz kuru, the possessive suffix on kuru helps convey “the exchange rate.”

Why is the verb yükseldi at the end of the sentence?

Turkish is typically Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Verbs almost always come last. Here there’s no explicit subject pronoun, but the structure is:
[Döviz kuru] [bugün hızlıca] [yükseldi].

What does the suffix -di in yükseldi indicate?

-di is the simple past tense marker in Turkish. It tells you the action (“to rise”) happened and was completed in the past (today, in this context).

Why is there no subject pronoun like “it”?

Turkish verbs carry person and number information via their endings. In yükseldi, the zero-person suffix plus -di implies “he/she/it rose.” Since “exchange rate” is 3rd-person singular, you don’t need an explicit o (“he/it”).

How is the adverb hızlıca formed, and what does it mean?

hızlı = “fast” (adjective)

• -ca = a productive adverb-forming suffix (with vowel harmony)
  → hızlıca = “quickly” or “rapidly”

Could we use hızla or just hızlı instead of hızlıca?

Yes. Turkish allows a few ways to say “quickly”:

• hızla (using the instrumental/adverbial suffix -la/-le)
• hızlıca (using -ca)
• In colloquial speech sometimes just hızlı is understood adverbially.

All three are acceptable, though hızlıca and hızla are most common in writing.