Tränaren pratar med pojken.

In Swedish, the definite article is usually attached to the end of the noun instead of being a separate word.

So:

• tränaren = the coach
• pojken = the boy

The base nouns are tränare and pojke, and the definite meaning is built into the noun itself.

The dictionary forms are:

• tränare = coach / trainer
• prata = to talk / to speak
• med = with
• pojke = boy

In the sentence, some of these appear in changed forms:

• prata → pratar for the present tense
• tränare → tränaren for the definite singular
• pojke → pojken for the definite singular

They are both en words.

So the indefinite forms are:

• en tränare
• en pojke

That is why their definite singular forms are:

• tränaren
• pojken

Swedish nouns belong to either en gender or ett gender, and both nouns here are en nouns.

Because they are definite singular forms of en nouns.

With nouns like these, the definite ending is added to the noun:

• tränare → tränaren
• pojke → pojken

Since the base words already end in a vowel, you can think of this as adding -n, even though the written result ends in -en.

So the important idea is: these forms mean the coach and the boy.

Pratar is the present tense of prata.

So:

• prata = to talk
• pratar = talk / talks / is talking, depending on context

Many Swedish verbs of this type form the present tense with -ar.

Also, Swedish verbs do not change depending on the subject the way English does. You say:

• jag pratar
• du pratar
• han pratar
• de pratar

So pratar stays the same for all persons.

Because Swedish normally says prata med någon.

Literally, med means with, but with prata it often corresponds to English talk to or talk with.

So:

• Tränaren pratar med pojken can mean The coach talks to the boy
• It can also be understood as The coach is talking with the boy

If you wanted to say talks about the boy, Swedish would use om, not med:

• Tränaren pratar om pojken = The coach talks about the boy

No. In Swedish, grammatical gender is mostly about noun class, not biological sex.

Tränare is an en noun, but that does not mean it must refer to a male person. It can refer to a coach of any sex.

So:

• grammatical gender: en tränare
• natural gender: depends on the actual person

By contrast, pojke does refer to a male child in meaning, but grammatically it is still just an en noun.

This is the normal word order for a simple Swedish main clause:

• Tränaren = subject
• pratar = finite verb
• med pojken = prepositional phrase

So the structure is basically:

• subject + verb + the rest

A useful rule is that Swedish is a verb-second language. In a sentence like this, where the subject comes first, that gives:

• Tränaren pratar med pojken

If something else comes first, the verb still stays in second position:

• I dag pratar tränaren med pojken = Today the coach talks to the boy

You would say:

En tränare pratar med en pojke.

Here the nouns are indefinite, so Swedish uses the separate article en:

• en tränare = a coach
• en pojke = a boy

That is the main contrast:

• tränaren / pojken = the coach / the boy
• en tränare / en pojke = a coach / a boy

Not on these nouns.

Modern Swedish usually does not change noun forms to show subject versus object. Instead, it relies mainly on:

• word order
• prepositions

In this sentence:

• tränaren is understood as the subject because of its position
• pojken is part of the prepositional phrase med pojken

Case differences still exist mostly in pronouns, for example:

• jag / mig
• han / honom

A rough guide:

• tränaren: stress on the first syllable; ä is roughly similar to the vowel in bed for many learners
• pratar: stress on the first syllable; the first a is a long a sound
• pojken: oj sounds like oy in boy
• med: often sounds like mehd, though in everyday speech it may be reduced

A rough English-friendly approximation of the whole sentence is:

TREH-na-ren PRAH-tar med POY-ken

That is only approximate, but it gives the main stress pattern.