Veterinären fortsätter undersökningen.

Because veterinär is an en-word in Swedish, and -en is the usual definite singular ending for many en-words.

• veterinär = a veterinarian
• veterinären = the veterinarian

So instead of putting a separate word like the before the noun, Swedish often adds the definiteness to the end of the noun.

For the same basic reason: it is the definite singular form of the noun.

• undersökning = an examination / investigation
• undersökningen = the examination / the investigation

Here the noun is undersökning, which is also an en-word, so the definite form becomes undersökningen.

In Swedish, definiteness is often shown by attaching an ending to the noun instead of using a separate article.

So:

• veterinären already means the veterinarian
• undersökningen already means the examination

This is very different from English, where you must usually say the veterinarian and the examination as two-word combinations.

The base form, or infinitive, is fortsätta, meaning to continue.

The form fortsätter is the present tense:

• att fortsätta = to continue
• fortsätter = continues / is continuing

So Veterinären fortsätter undersökningen is in the present tense.

It can mean either, depending on context.

Swedish present tense often covers both:

• continues
• is continuing

So this sentence could be understood as either:

• The veterinarian continues the examination
• The veterinarian is continuing the examination

Swedish usually does not need a separate progressive form like English is continuing.

Yes. Fortsätta can be used with a direct object when you mean continuing something.

So:

• fortsätta undersökningen = continue the examination

It can also be used in other patterns, for example with another verb:

• fortsätta arbeta = continue working

In your sentence, undersökningen is the thing being continued.

The word order is the normal Swedish main-clause order:

subject + verb + object

• Veterinären = subject
• fortsätter = verb
• undersökningen = object

So it works very much like English here:

• The veterinarian
  • continues
    • the examination

It is a noun built from the verb undersöka, meaning to examine or to investigate.

• undersöka = to examine
• undersökning = examination / investigation

The ending -ning is a very common Swedish noun ending, often used to form action nouns, similar to English nouns like examination or investigation.

A rough guide for an English speaker is:

veh-te-ri-NEH-ren

A few useful points:

• the stress is mainly on -när-
• ä sounds somewhat like the e in bed, though not exactly the same
• the final -en is usually not strongly stressed

You do not pronounce it like English veterinarian. The Swedish word is shorter and has a different rhythm.

A rough guide is:

OON-der-shurk-ning-en

Helpful notes:

• u in Swedish is not like English u; it is a more rounded vowel
• ö is a special Swedish vowel, somewhat similar to the vowel in French peu or German schön
• ng is pronounced as the ng sound in sing

You do not need perfect pronunciation immediately, but it helps to notice that Swedish vowels are very important for being understood.

Because Swedish verbs do not change according to person or number in the present tense.

So the same form fortsätter is used with:

• jag = I
• du = you
• han/hon = he/she
• vi = we
• de = they

For example:

• Jag fortsätter
• Veterinären fortsätter
• De fortsätter

This is simpler than English in some ways, since English has continue but also continues.

Yes, depending on context. The noun undersökning can mean things like:

• examination
• investigation
• inspection

In a medical or veterinary context, examination is often the most natural translation. But in other contexts, investigation could also be possible.

So the exact English wording depends on the situation, even though the Swedish grammar stays the same.