Mwezi uliopita, nilienda kijiji jirani na kaka yangu.

Literally, mwezi uliopita means the month that passed.

• mwezi = month
• uliopita = that passed / which went by

In Swahili, this is a very natural way to say last month. English often uses a special word like last, but Swahili frequently expresses the same idea with a form meaning the one that passed.

A very common alternative is mwezi jana, which also means last month.

Uliopita can be broken down like this:

• u- = agreement prefix matching mwezi
• -li- = past tense marker
• -opita = from the verb pita, meaning pass

So uliopita means something like which passed or that passed.

The agreement prefix changes depending on the noun class of the noun being described. Because mwezi belongs to a noun class that takes u- here, you get uliopita.

Nilienda breaks down into:

• ni- = I
• -li- = past tense
• -enda = go

So nilienda means I went.

This is a very common Swahili verb pattern:

• subject prefix + tense marker + verb stem

For example:

• niliona = I saw
• nilisoma = I read / studied
• nilifika = I arrived

Because in Swahili, the verb kuenda / kwenda (to go) does not always need a separate word meaning to before a place.

So:

• nilienda kijiji jirani = I went to the neighboring village

Swahili often lets the destination follow the verb directly when the meaning is clear.

English requires to here, but Swahili often does not.

In Swahili, descriptive words usually come after the noun, not before it.

So:

• kijiji jirani = neighboring village / nearby village

Compare this with English:

• English: nearby village
• Swahili: village nearby

This noun-first pattern is very common in Swahili.

Here, jirani means nearby, neighboring, or next door in the sense of location.

So kijiji jirani means:

• the neighboring village
• the nearby village

Be aware that jirani can also be used as a noun meaning neighbor:

• Jirani yangu = my neighbor

So the same word can function in slightly different ways depending on context.

Here, na means with.

So:

• na kaka yangu = with my brother

The word na is very flexible in Swahili and can mean:

• and
• with
• sometimes by or using, depending on context

In this sentence, because it follows the action nilienda and introduces a person accompanying the speaker, the meaning is clearly with.

In Swahili, possessives usually come after the noun.

So:

• kaka yangu = my brother
• literally: brother my

This is normal Swahili word order.

More examples:

• rafiki yangu = my friend
• kitabu changu = my book
• nyumba yetu = our house

Notice that the possessive form changes depending on the noun class.

Often, yes: kaka commonly refers to a brother, especially an older brother in many contexts.

However, in everyday learning materials, it is often simply translated as brother.

If you want a more general word for sibling or relative, Swahili often uses ndugu, depending on context.

So for a learner, the safest understanding here is:

• kaka yangu = my brother

The comma is used because Mwezi uliopita is a time expression placed at the beginning of the sentence.

It works like English:

• Last month, I went...

The comma helps separate the time phrase from the main clause. In informal writing, people may sometimes omit it, but using it is perfectly natural and clear.

Yes. Nilienda and nilikwenda can both mean I went.

• kuenda / kwenda = to go
• In actual usage, both forms are heard

For many learners, nilienda is especially common and straightforward. If you hear nilikwenda, that is also correct.

Swahili does not have articles like the and a/an.

So kijiji jirani could be understood as:

• the neighboring village
• a neighboring village

The exact meaning depends on context.

In many natural translations of this sentence, English would use the neighboring village, because it sounds more natural. But the Swahili itself does not directly mark that distinction.

Because Swahili possession works differently from English.

English uses an independent possessive word:

• my brother

Swahili uses a possessive form that agrees with the noun:

• kaka yangu

Here:

• -angu is the possessive idea my
• ya- is the agreement part used with kaka

So yangu is not just a fixed word meaning my in every situation; it is one member of a set of possessive forms that change according to noun class.

The sentence follows a very common Swahili pattern:

Time expression + subject/tense/verb + place + accompaniment

So:

• Mwezi uliopita = time
• nilienda = subject + tense + verb
• kijiji jirani = destination
• na kaka yangu = accompaniment

A rough structure is:

Last month, I-went neighboring-village with brother-my.

That may look unusual compared with English, but it is very normal in Swahili.