Mimi ninaandika barua kwa kalamu.

I am writing a letter with a pen.

Breakdown of Mimi ninaandika barua kwa kalamu.

• mimi: I
• kuandika: to write
• barua: the letter
• kwa: with
• kalamu: the pen

Questions & Answers about Mimi ninaandika barua kwa kalamu.

What are the components of the verb ninaandika, and what does each part signify?

The verb ninaandika is composed of three parts: ni-, na-, and andika. The ni- is the subject marker for first person singular ("I"), na- indicates the present tense (often suggesting an ongoing action), and andika is the root meaning "write." This compact structure is typical in Swahili, where subject and tense are incorporated directly into the verb.

Why is the subject pronoun Mimi explicitly stated when the verb already shows who is performing the action?

In Swahili, the subject pronoun is usually optional because the verb carries that information through its prefix. However, Mimi ("I") is included here for emphasis, clarity, or contrast. It reinforces who is acting and can be helpful in situations where you want to stress the subject.

What function does the word kwa serve in the phrase kwa kalamu?

The word kwa is a preposition in Swahili that indicates the instrument or means by which an action is carried out. In this sentence, kwa kalamu translates to "with a pen," where kwa links the act of writing to the tool used, the kalamu (pen).

How is the sentence structured in terms of subject, verb, object, and other phrases?

The sentence follows a clear structure: Subject – Verb – Object – Prepositional phrase. Mimi is the subject, ninaandika is the verb (with embedded subject and tense), barua is the object (what is being written), and kwa kalamu is a prepositional phrase indicating the instrument used for writing.

Is it acceptable to omit Mimi in the sentence, and what effect would that have?

Yes, it is perfectly acceptable to omit Mimi because the verb's ni- prefix already indicates "I." Omitting it would result in "Ninaandika barua kwa kalamu," which still means "I am writing a letter with a pen." Including Mimi just adds emphasis or clarity.

How would you modify the sentence to express the past tense?

To indicate the past tense in Swahili, you change the tense marker in the verb. For the first person singular, ni- (present) is replaced with nil- (past). Thus, the sentence becomes "Mimi nilandika barua kwa kalamu," which means "I wrote a letter with a pen."