Mimi nina kitabu fupi.

I have a short book.

Breakdown of Mimi nina kitabu fupi.

• mimi: I
• kuwa na: to have
• kitabu: the book
• fupi: short

Questions & Answers about Mimi nina kitabu fupi.

What does each word in the sentence "Mimi nina kitabu fupi" mean?

• Mimi means I.
• Nina is a combined form: the subject prefix ni- (meaning I) plus the present tense marker -na-, together expressing I have (derived from the verb "kuwa na" meaning "to have").
• Kitabu means book; note that the ki- prefix indicates that it belongs to a specific noun class.
• Fupi means short or brief.
So, the complete sentence translates as "I have a short book."

Why is the subject pronoun Mimi explicitly included even though nina already indicates the subject?

In Swahili, the verb conjugation inherently shows the subject, making the pronoun optional. However, speakers often include Mimi for emphasis, clarity, or stylistic reasons—especially when you want to stress I as opposed to someone else. This usage also helps avoid ambiguity in conversation.

How is the verb nina constructed, and what are its components?

The verb nina is built by combining:
• The subject prefix ni-, which means I, and
• The present tense marker -na-, indicating that the action is happening now.
These are attached to an implied verb root from kuwa na ("to have"). Together, they form nina, meaning "I have" in the present tense.

How does the adjective fupi agree with the noun kitabu in terms of Swahili grammar?

In Swahili, adjectives typically follow the noun and are meant to agree with the noun’s class. Kitabu is in the ki-/vi- noun class (with ki- for singular and vi- for plural). Although many adjectives in Swahili adopt a class-specific prefix to match the noun (like kidogo for "small"), some adjectives—such as fupi—remain in an invariant form when used with nouns from this class. In this sentence, fupi correctly serves as the adjective modifying kitabu.

How does the word order in "Mimi nina kitabu fupi" compare to English sentence structure?

The word order in this Swahili sentence is quite similar to English. It follows a Subject + Verb + Object + Adjective pattern:
• Mimi (Subject)
• nina (Verb)
• kitabu (Object)
• fupi (Adjective)
This resemblance makes it easier for English speakers to understand the structure, although it's worth noting that Swahili word order can vary in more complex sentences.