Daktari alichunguza mfupa.

It breaks down as:

• a- = he/she subject marker
• -li- = past tense
• -chunguz- = verb root meaning examine / inspect / investigate
• -a = final vowel

So alichunguza means he/she examined.

In Swahili, a lot of grammatical information is packed into the verb.

Swahili does not usually use articles like English the and a/an.

So daktari can mean:

• the doctor
• a doctor

And mfupa can mean:

• the bone
• a bone

Context tells you which is meant.

Because Swahili verbs normally agree with their subject, even when the subject noun is explicitly present.

So in:

• Daktari alichunguza mfupa

the noun daktari names the subject, and a- in the verb repeats that the subject is third-person singular animate.

This is normal Swahili grammar, not unnecessary repetition.

Because daktari is a person noun, and in Swahili person/animate nouns usually take animate agreement regardless of their shape.

So:

• daktari alichunguza = the doctor examined
• madaktari walichunguza = the doctors examined

Even though daktari does not look like a typical m-/wa- noun, it still behaves like an animate noun in agreement.

The dictionary form is kuchunguza, meaning to examine / to investigate.

Swahili dictionaries usually list verbs in the infinitive with ku-, so you would look up kuchunguza, not alichunguza.

Mfupa is singular, and its plural is mifupa.

So:

• mfupa = bone
• mifupa = bones

Example:

• Daktari alichunguza mifupa = The doctor examined the bones

This noun belongs to the m-/mi- pattern used by many non-human nouns.

In this sentence, the object is stated directly after the verb:

• Daktari alichunguza mfupa

That is the most straightforward pattern.

Swahili can also use an object marker inside the verb, but it is often not necessary when the full object noun is present. For mfupa, the object marker would be u-:

• Daktari aliuchunguza mfupa

This can sound more definite, emphatic, or context-linked, but the version without the object marker is perfectly normal.

Yes, this sentence uses the basic Subject–Verb–Object order:

• Daktari = subject
• alichunguza = verb
• mfupa = object

That is the most neutral and common order for a simple statement.

Swahili can change word order for emphasis, but Subject–Verb–Object is the safest basic pattern for learners.

Yes, if the context already makes the subject clear.

• Alichunguza mfupa = He/She examined the bone

Because the verb already contains the subject marker a-, Swahili often allows the subject noun to be omitted when it is understood.

-li- is a past tense marker, so alichunguza means he/she examined.

A different form, amechunguza, usually means something like:

• he/she has examined
• he/she has already examined

Very roughly:

• alichunguza = simple past, completed action
• amechunguza = completed action with present relevance

Both are common, but alichunguza is the straightforward past form.

Not always. Kuchunguza can mean several related things, depending on context:

• examine
• inspect
• investigate
• study carefully

In a medical sentence like this one, examine is a very natural translation.

A simple pronunciation guide is:

• Daktari = dak-TA-ri
• alichunguza = a-li-chun-GU-za
• mfupa = roughly m-FU-pa

A few helpful points:

• Swahili vowels are usually pure and consistent: a, e, i, o, u
• ch sounds like the ch in church
• The ng sound in chunguza is pronounced with a hard g
• In mfupa, the initial m is pronounced clearly before f

So the whole sentence is approximately:

dak-TA-ri a-li-chun-GU-za m-FU-pa