El vino argentino es tinto.

El is the masculine singular definite article, meaning the.

It is used here because vino is a masculine singular noun:

• el vino = the wine

In Spanish, articles are used more often than in English, so a sentence like this normally includes el.

In Spanish, adjectives usually come after the noun they describe.

So:

• vino argentino = Argentinian wine

This is the normal word order:

• noun + adjective

Putting argentino before vino would sound unusual here and is not the standard way to say it.

Because argentino has to agree with vino, and vino is masculine singular.

So the adjective must also be masculine singular:

• vino argentino

Compare:

• el vino argentino = masculine singular
• la carne argentina = feminine singular
• los vinos argentinos = masculine plural
• las uvas argentinas = feminine plural

In Spanish, words for nationalities are normally not capitalized.

So:

• argentino
• español
• inglés

This is different from English, where you would write Argentinian, Spanish, English with capital letters.

Es comes from ser, which is used for things like:

• identity
• classification
• origin
• permanent or characteristic qualities

Here, the sentence is classifying the wine as a type/color of wine:

• El vino argentino es tinto.

That is why ser is the natural choice.

Estar is usually used for:

• location
• temporary states
• conditions

So está tinto would not work here.

For wine, Spanish normally uses tinto to mean red.

So:

• vino tinto = red wine
• vino blanco = white wine

Although rojo means red in general, Spanish usually does not say vino rojo in normal usage. For wine, tinto is the standard word.

Because tinto is acting as a predicate adjective after ser.

Structure:

• El vino argentino = subject
• es = verb
• tinto = adjective describing the subject

In Spanish, you normally do not use an article before an adjective in this kind of structure:

• El vino es tinto.
• La casa es grande.
• El libro es interesante.

Here, it is an adjective because it describes vino.

• vino argentino = wine that is Argentinian

But argentino can also be a noun:

• un argentino = an Argentinian man
• una argentina = an Argentinian woman

So the same word can be a noun or an adjective depending on how it is used.

The normal order is:

• El vino argentino es tinto.

You can sometimes change word order in Spanish for emphasis, but not every change works.

For example:

• El vino tinto es argentino.
  This is grammatical, but it means something slightly different in focus: The red wine is Argentinian.

That sentence starts from the red wine and then says where it is from.

So word order changes can affect what is being emphasized.

A simple pronunciation guide is:

el BEE-no ar-hen-TEE-no es TEEN-to

A few useful notes:

• v in Spanish sounds much closer to b than to the English v
• g before e in argentino sounds like a strong Spanish j sound
• tinto has a clear t sound, and the vowels are short and pure

A more approximate Spain Spanish pronunciation is:

el BEE-no ar-khen-TEE-no es TEEN-to

Yes. Everything that needs to agree would change:

• Los vinos argentinos son tintos. = The Argentinian wines are red.

Changes:

• el → los
• vino → vinos
• argentino → argentinos
• es → son
• tinto → tintos

Spanish agreement is very important, so articles, adjectives, and sometimes verbs change to match the noun.

Not always.

• el vino argentino usually means the Argentinian wine or Argentinian wine in a specific context
• vino argentino without el can sound more general, depending on the sentence

For example:

• El vino argentino es tinto. = talking about the Argentinian wine / Argentinian wine in context
• Me gusta el vino argentino. = I like Argentinian wine
• Compro vino argentino. = I buy Argentinian wine

So whether it feels specific or general depends a lot on context.