El pan está seco.

The bread is dry.

Breakdown of El pan está seco.

• estar: to be
• el pan: the bread
• seco: dry

Questions & Answers about El pan está seco.

Why is it está and not es?

Because estar describes states or conditions that can change. Dryness here is a condition of the bread right now. El pan está seco = the bread is dry at this moment. Using ser (as in El pan es seco) would describe an inherent or typical quality (e.g., a type of bread that is characteristically dry), which is not what’s usually meant.

Can I ever say El pan es seco?

Yes, but only to talk about a general or inherent quality, not the current condition. Examples:

• El pan de ese lugar es seco. (That bakery’s bread is generally dry.)
• Este tipo de pan es seco. (This type of bread is characteristically dry.) In everyday complaints about today’s bread, use está.

What does the accent in está do? What happens if I omit it?

The accent marks the stressed syllable and distinguishes it from esta (this, feminine).

• está = is (he/she/it)
• esta = this (feminine adjective), as in esta casa
  So El pan esta seco is a spelling error; it must be está.

How does seco agree with the noun?

Adjectives agree in gender and number:

• Masculine singular: seco (el pan está seco)
• Feminine singular: seca (la tortilla está seca)
• Masculine plural: secos (los panes están secos)
• Feminine plural: secas (las tortillas están secas)

How do I make the sentence plural?

• Los panes están secos.
  You can also use a different bread word if applicable: Los panecillos están secos.

What’s the present-tense conjugation of estar I need here?

• yo estoy
• tú estás
• usted/él/ella está
• nosotros estamos
• ustedes/ellos/ellas están
  Latin America uses ustedes for plural you.

How do I ask the yes/no question Is the bread dry?

Two natural options:

• ¿El pan está seco?
• ¿Está seco el pan?
  Remember the opening ¿ in writing; intonation handles most of the work.

How do I say very dry, too dry, or a little dry?

• El pan está muy seco. (very)
• El pan está demasiado seco. (too)
• El pan está un poco seco. (a little)
  For emphasis:
• El pan está reseco. (dried out)
• El pan está sequísimo. (extremely dry; superlative of seco)

What if I mean stale or hard rather than dry?

Use:

• duro: El pan está duro. (hard/stale)
  Other words:
• viejo (old; colloquial for stale in some places)
• rancio is rancid (for fats), not usually for bread.

Is pan countable? How do I talk about loaves or slices?

Both mass and count:

• Mass: Quiero pan. (I want bread.)
• Count: un pan, dos panes (a loaf, two loaves)
  For parts:
• una rebanada de pan (a slice; very common)
• una tajada de pan (slice; regional)
• un pedazo/una pieza de pan (a piece)
  Names for specific loaves vary by country (e.g., bolillo in Mexico).

How do I say It got dry / The bread has dried out?

Use secarse:

• Preterite (common in Latin America for completed recent actions): El pan se secó.
• Present perfect: El pan se ha secado.
  You can add a cause: El pan se secó porque lo dejaste destapado.

How do I negate it or add a reason?

• Negation: El pan no está seco.
• With reason: El pan está seco porque se quedó al aire.
  Because = porque; due to = por: Se secó por el calor.

Any pronunciation tips for Latin American Spanish?

• El: like “ell” but shorter.
• pan: “pahn” (open a, short n).
• está: es-TAH (stress on the second syllable; the accent mark signals this).
• seco: SEH-koh (the c before o sounds like k).
  Say it smoothly: el-PAHN es-TAH SEH-koh.

Why do we need el? Can I drop the article or use un?

Singular count nouns typically need an article. El pan points to specific bread in context.

• Dropping it: Pan está seco is ungrammatical.
• Un pan would mean a loaf or some bread in a non-specific way: Un pan está seco sounds odd unless you mean one particular loaf among others.
  You can also use este: Este pan está seco. (this bread)

Are there idiomatic meanings of seco I should know?

Yes, context matters:

• estar seco = be very thirsty (some places)
• estar seco = be broke (Chile)
• ser seco = be curt/unfriendly (several countries) or be excellent/very skilled (Chile slang)
  With bread, está seco is literal.

How do past tenses change the meaning: estaba vs estuvo?

• El pan estaba seco: descriptive/background or ongoing past state.
• El pan estuvo seco: the bread was dry for a finished, bounded time (implies it later changed or you’re viewing it as a completed state).

Is seco here an adjective or a participle? What about secado?

Here seco is an adjective. The verb secar has the participle secado for compound tenses with haber:

• He secado la ropa.
  But as a result/state adjective with estar, Spanish uses seco:
• La ropa está seca.
  This follows a common pattern: adjective form with ser/estar (e.g., despierto, confuso) vs participle with haber.