Учительница похвалила мою аккуратность в тетради.

Учительница is the specifically feminine form meaning female teacher.

• учитель = teacher (masculine, or sometimes generic in some contexts)
• учительница = female teacher

Since the sentence is talking about a woman, Russian uses учительница. This also affects the verb form that follows.

In the past tense, Russian verbs agree with the subject in gender and number.

Here the subject is учительница, which is feminine singular, so the verb is:

• похвалил = he praised
• похвалила = she praised
• похвалило = it praised
• похвалили = they praised

So похвалила is used because the teacher is female.

Because this phrase is the direct object of the verb похвалила, it has to be in the accusative case.

The noun аккуратность is feminine, and the adjective/pronoun modifying it must match it.

• nominative: моя аккуратность
• accusative: мою аккуратность

So:

• моя аккуратность = my neatness (as the subject)
• похвалила мою аккуратность = praised my neatness

This is a very common pattern in Russian: when something is the direct object, its form often changes.

It is in the accusative case.

The reason it looks the same as the nominative is that аккуратность is an inanimate feminine noun ending in -ость. Many nouns of this type have the same form in nominative and accusative singular.

So:

• nominative: аккуратность
• accusative: аккуратность

The pronoun changes clearly (моя → мою), but the noun itself happens to stay the same.

Аккуратность means something like neatness, tidiness, or carefulness.

In this sentence, it most likely refers to how neatly the student keeps or writes in the notebook: clean work, orderly handwriting, tidy layout, careful presentation, and so on.

So it is broader than just:

• почерк = handwriting

If the teacher praised only the handwriting, Russian would more likely use почерк.
But аккуратность can cover the overall neat and careful appearance of the work in the notebook.

Russian usually says в тетради when something is written in a notebook or found inside the notebook/pages.

• в тетради = in the notebook
• на тетради would sound like on the notebook, meaning on the outer surface/cover, which is not what is meant here

So if the teacher is praising neatness in the written work, в тетради is the natural choice.

It is the prepositional case, used after в when в means in (location).

The base form is:

• тетрадь = notebook

Prepositional singular:

• в тетради = in the notebook

So this is a standard pattern:

• в книге = in the book
• в школе = at school / in school
• в тетради = in the notebook

Most naturally, it describes where the neatness was noticed: the neatness in the notebook.

In other words, the teacher praised the student’s neatness as shown in the notebook.

So structurally it is closest in meaning to:

• my neatness in the notebook
• or more naturally in English, how neat my work was in the notebook

Russian often uses short prepositional phrases like this without adding extra words that English might need.

Both are possible, but they focus on slightly different things.

• Учительница похвалила мою аккуратность в тетради.
  The teacher praised my neatness in the notebook.
• Учительница похвалила меня за аккуратность в тетради.
  The teacher praised me for neatness in the notebook.

The first version makes аккуратность the direct object, so the praise is aimed at that quality.
The second version makes меня the direct object, and за аккуратность gives the reason.

Russian allows both patterns.

This is about aspect.

• похвалила = perfective
• хвалила = imperfective

Похвалила presents the praise as a completed single action: the teacher praised it / gave praise.

Хвалила would suggest a more repeated, ongoing, or descriptive action, such as:

• she was praising
• she used to praise
• she praised repeatedly

In a simple sentence about one completed event, похвалила is the normal choice.

Yes. Russian word order is fairly flexible, because case endings show the grammatical roles.

The neutral order here is:

• Учительница похвалила мою аккуратность в тетради.

But other orders are possible for emphasis, for example:

• Мою аккуратность в тетради похвалила учительница.
  This emphasizes my neatness in the notebook.
• В тетради учительница похвалила мою аккуратность.
  This emphasizes the location/context first.

Even though the order can change, the original version sounds natural and straightforward.

Yes. Тетрадь often means a school notebook, exercise book, or copybook rather than just any notebook in the broad English sense.

In school contexts, it very often refers to the notebook where students do written work. That is why в тетради sounds especially natural here.

The main word stresses are:

• учИтельница
• похвалИла
• моЮ
• аккурАтность
• в тетрАди

A rough pronunciation guide:

• учИтельница → oo-CHEE-tyel-ni-tsa
• похвалИла → pa-khva-LEE-la
• моЮ → ma-YOO
• аккурАтность → ak-koo-RAT-nast'
• в тетрАди → f ti-TRA-di

The в before тетради is often pronounced more like f because of the following consonant.

Yes, it is grammatical and natural.

It sounds a little more formal or book-like than everyday speech because of the abstract noun аккуратность, but it is perfectly normal Russian.

In everyday speech, people might also say something like:

• Учительница похвалила меня за аккуратность в тетради.
• Учительница похвалила, что у меня в тетради всё аккуратно.

But your original sentence is completely correct and natural.