Директор утвердил бюджет нового периода.

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Breakdown of Директор утвердил бюджет нового периода.

• директор: the director
• утвердить: to approve
• бюджет: the budget
• период: the period

Questions & Answers about Директор утвердил бюджет нового периода.

What is the case and syntactic role of директор in this sentence?

Директор is in the nominative case. It functions as the subject of the sentence—the person who performed the action of approving.

Why does утвердил have the ending -ил and how is it formed?

Утвердил is the past‐tense form of the perfective verb утвердить in the 3rd person singular masculine. The suffix -ил marks both past tense and a masculine subject (“he approved”). If the subject were feminine, the ending would be -ила (утвердила).

Which aspect is утвердить, and why is the perfective used here?

Утвердить is a perfective verb, indicating a completed action. In this sentence, the focus is on the fact that the director has already approved the budget, so you use the perfective aspect.

What case is бюджет, and why doesn’t it show an accusative form?

Бюджет is the direct object and thus in the accusative case. However, because it’s an inanimate masculine noun, its accusative form is identical to the nominative: бюджет.

Why is нового периода in the genitive case?

Нового периода is a genitive attribute modifying бюджет, expressing the “of” relationship: “the budget of the new period.” Russian uses the genitive case instead of a preposition like of.

Why are there no articles (the, a) in this sentence?

Russian does not have definite or indefinite articles. The nouns stand alone without words equivalent to the or a. Context tells you whether something is specific.

How would you change the sentence if the director were female?

You would change the verb ending to match feminine gender:
Директор утвердила бюджет нового периода.

How do you pronounce утвердил and where is the stress?

The stress falls on the last syllable: утвердИл (pronounced [ʊtvʲɪrˈdʲil]).

What’s the difference between утвердить and одобрить?

Both can translate as “to approve,” but утвердить is more formal/legal (e.g., approving budgets, plans, regulations), whereas одобрить is more general—“to give one’s consent” or “to favor” something informally.

Could this sentence be turned into the passive voice?

Yes. For example:
Бюджет нового периода был утверждён директором.
(“The budget of the new period was approved by the director.”)