Контрудар получился точным.

Because the verb получиться often works like turn out / come out to be, and with that meaning Russian commonly puts the describing adjective in the instrumental.

So:

• Контрудар получился точным. = The counterattack turned out to be precise.

Compare:

• Он оказался прав. = He turned out to be right.
• План получился удачным. = The plan turned out successful.

Using nominative here would sound wrong in standard Russian.

Here получился means something like:

• turned out
• came out
• ended up being

It does not literally mean received himself or anything like that, even though it is related to получить.

In this sentence, получиться suggests that the result became clear after the action happened. So the sentence is not just saying the counterattack was precise, but that it turned out to be precise in practice.

Because it agrees with контрудар, which is a masculine singular noun.

• контрудар — masculine singular
• therefore: получился

Compare:

• Атака получилась точной.
  (атака is feminine, so получилась)

• Манёвры получились точными.
  (манёвры is plural, so получились)

Получиться is perfective.

That fits well here because the sentence refers to a completed result: after the counterattack happened, it turned out to have a certain quality.

The imperfective partner is usually получаться:

• Контрудар получался точным.
  This would mean something like the counterattack was turning out precise or used to come out precise, which does not fit the usual one-time completed-result meaning here.

So получился is the natural choice.

Yes, but the meaning changes slightly.

• Контрудар был точным. = The counterattack was precise.
  A straightforward description.

• Контрудар получился точным. = The counterattack turned out precise / came off as precise.
  This emphasizes the result, outcome, or how it ended up in reality.

So получился sounds a bit more dynamic and result-oriented.

It can carry several closely related ideas depending on context:

• precise
• accurate
• well-aimed
• exact

With контрудар, it usually suggests that the counterattack was well-directed, carefully targeted, or struck exactly where intended.

So the best English word depends on context, but precise is a very natural match.

Russian has no articles like a and the. Whether the noun is definite or indefinite is understood from context.

So Контрудар получился точным could mean:

• The counterattack turned out to be precise
• A counterattack turned out to be precise

In most real contexts, the surrounding sentences make this clear.

Yes, Russian word order is flexible, and changing it changes the emphasis more than the core meaning.

• Контрудар получился точным.
  Neutral word order.

• Точным получился контрудар.
  Emphasizes точным — It was precise, the counterattack was.

• Получился точным контрудар.
  Also possible, but more marked or literary.

So the original sentence is the most neutral and standard version.

The usual stress is:

• контруда́р
• получи́лся
• то́чным

So the whole sentence is pronounced approximately:

контруда́р получи́лся то́чным

Stress is important in Russian, because it is not always predictable.

Yes, it is a normal word, especially in:

• military history
• news reporting
• strategy discussions
• figurative uses in politics, sports, or debate

Its basic meaning is counterstrike or counterattack.

Examples:

• вражеский контрудар = an enemy counterattack
• нанести контрудар = to launch a counterstrike

So in your sentence, the register is fairly serious and suits military or strategic context well.

Usually that would sound incomplete unless the context already makes the missing idea obvious.

Получиться often invites some result or quality:

• получился удачным
• получился точным
• получился сильным
• получился неожиданным

By itself, Контрудар получился is not impossible in conversation, but most of the time a listener would expect: получился каким? — turned out what kind?