Накладка с длинными шипами изменила боковое вращение.

Because the subject is накладка, and накладка is a feminine noun in Russian.

In the past tense, Russian verbs agree with the subject in gender and number:

• он изменил — masculine
• она изменила — feminine
• оно изменило — neuter
• они изменили — plural

So накладка изменила means the rubber/pad changed.

After the preposition с meaning with, Russian normally uses the instrumental case.

So:

• длинные шипы — nominative
• с длинными шипами — instrumental

Both words change because the adjective must agree with the noun:

• длинными matches шипами
• both are plural instrumental

This is a very common pattern in Russian:

• с друзьями — with friends
• с новыми книгами — with new books
• с длинными шипами — with long pimples/spikes

Because шипы means pimples/spikes, and in this context there are many of them on the surface.

Using the singular шипом would mean with one spike, which would not fit the intended meaning here.

So:

• шип — one spike/pimple
• шипы — spikes/pimples
• с шипами — with spikes/pimples

Here боковое вращение is the direct object of изменила.

The verb изменить can take a direct object in the accusative case:

• изменить что? — change what?

So the object is in the accusative:

• боковое вращение

But for inanimate neuter nouns, the accusative looks exactly like the nominative. That is why it does not visibly change.

Compare:

• nominative: боковое вращение
• accusative: боковое вращение

So the form is correct; it just happens to look the same.

In general Russian, накладка can mean several things, such as an overlay, covering, attachment, or even a snag/problem in some contexts.

But in this sentence, the sports context matters. Here накладка most likely means the rubber covering on a table tennis paddle/blade.

So накладка с длинными шипами means something like:

• a long-pimple rubber
• a rubber sheet with long pimples
• a long-pips covering

The exact English translation depends on how technical or natural you want to sound.

Изменила is the perfective past tense form of изменить. Perfective verbs usually focus on a completed result.

So изменила боковое вращение suggests:

• the change happened
• the spin ended up different

If you used the imperfective меняла, it would sound more like:

• was changing
• used to change
• changed repeatedly / in process

So in this sentence, изменила is natural because it describes a completed effect.

Yes. Russian word order is more flexible than English word order because case endings show the grammatical roles.

The basic neutral order here is:

• Накладка с длинными шипами изменила боковое вращение.

But other orders are possible, for example:

• Боковое вращение изменила накладка с длинными шипами.
• Изменила боковое вращение накладка с длинными шипами.

These alternatives may change the emphasis or sound more literary, contrastive, or context-dependent. The original version is the most straightforward and neutral.

Because вращение is a neuter noun, and the adjective must agree with it.

Russian adjective agreement:

• masculine: боковой
• feminine: боковая
• neuter: боковое
• plural: боковые

Since вращение is neuter, the correct form is:

• боковое вращение

No. Russian does not use articles like a or the.

So Накладка с длинными шипами изменила боковое вращение could mean:

• The long-pimple rubber changed the sidespin
• A long-pimple rubber changed the sidespin
• The rubber with long pimples changed the side spin

Which one is best depends on context, and Russian leaves that unstated.

There is a more compact form often used in sports or technical contexts:

• длинношипная накладка

This literally means long-spiked / long-pimpled rubber.

So you may see both:

• накладка с длинными шипами
• длинношипная накладка

The version with с + instrumental is very transparent for learners because it literally means a rubber with long pimples. The compound adjective is more compact and often sounds more specialized.

Literally, вращение means rotation or spinning.

In sports contexts, especially table tennis, it often means spin.

So:

• верхнее вращение — topspin
• нижнее вращение — backspin / underspin
• боковое вращение — sidespin

So even if the literal meaning is side rotation, the natural sports meaning is sidespin.