Пекарский скребок лежит рядом с миской.

Because рядом с requires the instrumental case.

• Dictionary form: миска
• After рядом с: миской

So a good pattern to memorize is:

• рядом с + instrumental

Examples:

• рядом с домом
• рядом с книгой
• рядом с миской

It is nominative singular.

That is because пекарский скребок is the subject of the sentence, the thing that is lying next to the bowl.

• скребок is masculine singular nominative
• пекарский matches it in gender, number, and case

Russian adjectives agree with the noun they describe in:

• gender
• number
• case

Here, скребок is:

• masculine
• singular
• nominative

So the adjective must also be masculine, singular, nominative:

• пекарский скребок

Because Russian spelling rules affect adjective endings.

Adjectives of this type normally have a masculine nominative ending that sounds like -ий after certain consonants, including stems ending in -ск-. So:

• пекарский
• русский

This is just the normal written form. It is something you get used to seeing very quickly.

Russian often uses position verbs where English just says is.

So instead of only saying that the scraper is next to the bowl, Russian says how it is positioned:

• лежит = is lying, is resting in a lying position

This is very natural in Russian for physical objects.

Sometimes, yes, but the meaning or style changes.

• лежит — lying, resting horizontally
• стоит — standing upright
• висит — hanging
• находится — is located, more neutral or formal

So if the scraper is flat on the counter, лежит is the best choice.

For learners, the easiest way to treat it is as a fixed expression:

• рядом с + instrumental = next to, beside

More technically, рядом is not a simple one-word preposition in the same way as в or на, but in practice you should just learn the whole pattern together.

Yes. Russian word order is flexible.

The sentence given is a neutral, natural order:

• Пекарский скребок лежит рядом с миской.

But you could also say:

• Рядом с миской лежит пекарский скребок.

That version puts more attention on the location first. The case endings help show who is doing what, so word order can move around more than in English.

Because Russian has no articles.

Russian does not have direct equivalents of a and the. Whether the meaning is definite or indefinite is usually understood from:

• context
• word order
• emphasis
• the situation

So пекарский скребок can mean the baker’s scraper or a baker’s scraper, depending on context.

Yes. Those are also natural ways to express nearness.

• рядом с миской — right next to, beside
• около миски — near the bowl
• возле миски — near the bowl, by the bowl

One important grammar difference:

• рядом с takes the instrumental
• около and возле take the genitive

So:

• рядом с миской
• около миски
• возле миски

Yes.

Russian usually drops the present-tense copula to be in sentences like:

• Это миска
• Он дома

But лежит is not a missing form of to be. It is a full lexical verb meaning lies / is lying.

So this sentence is not just a noun plus location. It contains a real action or state verb:

• лежит