Бланк ответов показывает штрафной балл.

• бланк — nominative singular, because it is the subject of the sentence
• ответов — genitive plural, because it depends on бланк and means of answers
• показывает — 3rd person singular present tense, shows
• штрафной балл — accusative singular, because it is the direct object of показывает

Since балл is an inanimate masculine noun, its accusative form looks the same as the nominative: балл.

Because ответов is in the genitive plural. Russian often uses this pattern when one noun modifies another noun.

So:

• бланк ответов = answer sheet
• literally: form of answers or sheet of answers

If you used ответы, that would be nominative or accusative plural, and it would not fit this structure.

Yes. It is a very natural noun phrase in Russian.

• бланк = form, sheet, blank form
• ответов = of answers

Together, бланк ответов means something like answer sheet or response form, depending on context.

Показывает is the present tense form of the imperfective verb показывать.

Here it is used because the sentence states a general fact or function:

• The answer sheet shows the penalty point / penalty score.

Other forms would mean different things:

• показал = showed
• покажет = will show
• показать = to show

So показывает is the right form for a neutral present-tense statement.

Because the subject is singular:

• бланк = the form / the sheet

So the verb must also be singular:

• бланк показывает = the form shows

If the subject were plural, the verb would also be plural:

• бланки показывают = the forms show

Because the adjective must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case.

• балл is masculine singular
• so the adjective must also be masculine singular: штрафной

That gives:

• штрафной балл = penalty point / penalty score

In this sentence, the whole phrase is in the accusative singular, but for an inanimate masculine noun, accusative looks the same as nominative:

• nominative: штрафной балл
• accusative: штрафной балл

Штрафной comes from штраф, meaning penalty or fine.

So штрафной means something like:

• penalty
• penal
• punitive in some contexts

In штрафной балл, the natural English equivalent is usually penalty point or penalty mark.

Yes, it could be plural in another sentence, but here the sentence refers to a penalty point / penalty score as a single item.

• штрафной балл = penalty point
• штрафные баллы = penalty points

Whether singular or plural depends on the meaning intended in context.

No. This is a very important difference.

• балл = point, mark, score
• бал = ball, formal dance

They sound similar, but they are different words with different meanings and spelling.

In your sentence, it must be балл with double л, because the meaning is about scoring or marking.

Yes, Russian word order is fairly flexible, but the neutral order here is:

• Бланк ответов показывает штрафной балл.

This is the most straightforward way to say it.

You could change the order for emphasis, but that may sound less neutral. For example:

• Штрафной балл показывает бланк ответов.

This is grammatically possible, but it sounds marked, as if you are emphasizing penalty point.

For a learner, the original order is the best one to remember.

Russian does not have articles like a, an, or the.

So:

• бланк can mean a form, the form, or just form
• штрафной балл can mean a penalty point or the penalty point

The exact meaning depends on context.

That is normal in Russian, and learners need to get used to understanding definiteness from the situation rather than from articles.