O telemóvel desligou-se sozinho.

The cell phone turned itself off.

Breakdown of O telemóvel desligou-se sozinho.

• sozinho: alone
• o telemóvel: the cell phone
• desligar-se: to turn off

Questions & Answers about O telemóvel desligou-se sozinho.

What is the role of the se in desligou-se?

It marks a pronominal/inchoative use of the verb. Instead of someone turning the phone off (transitive: desligar something), the subject undergoes the change of state by itself (intransitive/middle voice: desligar-se = “to turn off”). Compare:

• Eu desliguei o telemóvel. = I turned the phone off. (transitive)
• O telemóvel desligou-se. = The phone turned off (by itself). (inchoative/middle)

Why is se after the verb with a hyphen (enclisis) in European Portuguese?

In European Portuguese, in a simple affirmative clause with no special triggers, clitic pronouns go after the verb and attach with a hyphen: desligou-se. This is the default placement (enclisis) in EP.

Can I put se before the verb, as in O telemóvel se desligou?

Not in European Portuguese in neutral affirmative sentences. O telemóvel se desligou sounds Brazilian. In EP you’d say O telemóvel desligou-se. You do put the pronoun before the verb (proclisis) when certain words attract it, e.g.:

• Negative: O telemóvel não se desligou.
• Interrogatives/relatives: Quando se desligou? / O telemóvel que se desligou...
• Some adverbs/quantifiers: Já se desligou, Ainda se desligou, Também se desligou.

Is se strictly necessary? Could I say O telemóvel desligou sozinho?

You may hear desligar used intransitively, but in EP the more idiomatic choice for “turn off (by itself)” is with -se: O telemóvel desligou-se (sozinho). Without -se, it can sound less natural or ambiguous.

What does sozinho do here, and does it have to agree with the noun?

Sozinho reinforces the idea “by itself/unaided.” It’s an adjective used adverbially and must agree with the subject:

• Masculine singular: O telemóvel desligou-se sozinho.
• Feminine singular: A televisão desligou-se sozinha.
• Masculine plural: Os computadores desligaram-se sozinhos.
• Feminine plural: As máquinas desligaram-se sozinhas.

Can I say por si só instead of sozinho? What about a si mesmo?

• Por si só is a good, slightly more formal equivalent of “by itself”: O telemóvel desligou-se por si só.
• A si mesmo is generally used with people and sounds odd for objects here. Prefer sozinho or por si só.

Why not use the passive, e.g., O telemóvel foi desligado sozinho?

The passive (foi desligado) implies an external agent did the action. Adding sozinho (“by itself”) clashes with that idea. To express a spontaneous event with no agent, use desligou-se (sozinho/por si só).

What’s the difference between desligar-se and apagar-se?

• Desligar-se: a device powers off/shuts down (system-level off). Very common with phones/computers: O telemóvel desligou-se.
• Apagar-se: the light/screen goes out, or something stops being lit/visible: A luz apagou-se (the light went out), O ecrã apagou-se (the screen went dark). Devices can also apagar-se in some contexts, but desligar-se is the go-to for a full shutdown.

What tense is desligou and why is it used?

It’s the preterite (pretérito perfeito), used for a single, completed past event: “(it) turned off.” If you mean it has been happening repeatedly/over a period, EP uses the present perfect: O telemóvel tem-se desligado sozinho (= it has been turning off by itself).

Could I drop the subject and just say Desligou-se sozinho?

Yes, Portuguese allows null subjects when context makes the subject clear. In conversation, if it’s obvious you’re talking about your phone, Desligou-se sozinho is fine.

Where can I place sozinho? Can it go first?

Default is after the verb phrase: O telemóvel desligou-se sozinho. You can front it for emphasis: Sozinho, o telemóvel desligou-se, but that’s more marked/stylistic.

Is o required before telemóvel? Could I omit the article?

Portuguese typically uses the definite article with singular count nouns. O telemóvel desligou-se... is the natural form. Leaving it out (Telemóvel desligou-se...) is not standard.

What’s the difference between telemóvel and celular?

In Portugal, telemóvel is “mobile phone.” In Brazil, celular is used. You’ll also hear telefone as a generic word for “phone,” and telefone fixo for a landline.

Is there any difference between saying O telemóvel desligou-se and adding sozinho?

Desligou-se already suggests the phone turned off on its own (no external agent). Sozinho/por si só makes that explicit or emphasizes it—useful if you want to stress it wasn’t you.

Any quick pronunciation tips for Portugal?

• O telemóvel: roughly “oo teh-leh-MAW-vel” (the final L is a “dark L,” like in English “full”).
• desligou-se: “dez-lee-GOH-suh” (the s in “des-” sounds like a Z, and final “-se” is an unstressed “suh”).
• sozinho: “so-ZEE-nyoo” (the -nh- is like the “ny” in “canyon”).