Wypożyczenie trwa miesiąc.

Wypożyczenie is a noun from the verb wypożyczyć, which means to lend, to borrow, or in many practical contexts to rent out / take out on loan, depending on context.

As a noun, wypożyczenie can mean:

• a loan
• a borrowing
• a rental
• the act of borrowing/lending

So in this sentence, it refers to the loan/rental period or the borrowed item arrangement, not the action happening right now.

Because Polish uses trwać to express that something lasts or continues for a period of time.

• trwać = to last, to continue
• trwa = it lasts / it is ongoing

So:

• Wypożyczenie trwa miesiąc. = The rental/loan lasts a month.

Using być would not sound natural here, because English is for a month is not how Polish normally expresses duration in this kind of sentence.

Here miesiąc is in the accusative, which is often used in Polish to express duration of time.

For many masculine inanimate nouns, the accusative singular looks the same as the nominative singular. So:

• nominative: miesiąc
• accusative: miesiąc

That is why you see:

• trwa miesiąc = lasts a month
• czekałem tydzień = I waited a week
• spałem godzinę = I slept for an hour

Miesiąca would usually be genitive, and that would be used in different structures, not this one.

Yes, in a grammatical sense, it functions like the object expressing duration.

In Polish, a time period often appears in the accusative after verbs when you want to say how long something lasts:

• trwać dzień
• trwać tydzień
• trwać miesiąc
• trwać rok

So miesiąc answers the question How long?

It is a neuter noun.

You can tell this because many Polish neuter nouns end in -e or -o, and this one ends in -enie, which is a very common noun-forming ending.

That is why the verb is:

• wypożyczenie trwa

not:

• wypożyczenie trwają
• wypożyczenie trwał

It is singular and neuter, so trwa is the correct 3rd person singular present form.

It can be either, depending on context.

In everyday use, wypożyczyć and related nouns are often used for:

• borrowing a library book
• renting skis
• renting a car
• taking something on loan

So wypożyczenie trwa miesiąc could mean:

• The loan lasts a month
• The rental lasts a month

The exact English translation depends on what is being talked about.

Yes, but it is usually less natural unless you want to emphasize the number.

• Wypożyczenie trwa miesiąc. = the normal, natural way
• Wypożyczenie trwa jeden miesiąc. = It lasts one month with extra emphasis on one

Polish often leaves out jeden when English would also naturally just say a month.

Yes. Polish word order is more flexible than English, although some versions sound more neutral than others.

The most neutral version is:

• Wypożyczenie trwa miesiąc.

You could also hear:

• Miesiąc trwa wypożyczenie.

but that is much less natural in ordinary speech and would sound marked or poetic.

So for learners, the best choice is to keep:

• subject + verb + duration
• Wypożyczenie trwa miesiąc.

A rough pronunciation guide is:

vih-poh-zhih-CHEN-yeh

A few useful notes:

• wy is roughly like vih
• ż sounds like the s in measure
• cz sounds like ch in chop
• nie at the end sounds like nye

The stress is normally on the second-to-last syllable in Polish:

wypożyCZEnie

Because Polish has no articles.

So wypożyczenie can mean:

• a loan
• the loan
• a rental
• the rental

The exact meaning depends on context.

That is completely normal in Polish, and learners have to get used to understanding definiteness from the situation rather than from words like a or the.

Yes, but that creates a slightly different structure.

• Wypożyczenie trwa miesiąc. = The rental lasts a month.
• Wypożyczenie jest na miesiąc. = The rental is for a month.

Both can be correct depending on what you want to say, but they are built differently:

• trwać + accusative of time = to last a period
• na + accusative = for a period

So miesiąc in your original sentence is not after na because the verb trwać already expresses duration by itself.