Te oprawki są dość lekkie.

Te means these. It is the plural form of the demonstrative used here with oprawki.

A useful pattern is:

• ta oprawka = this frame
• te oprawki = these frames

In plural, Polish distinguishes masculine-personal nouns from all other nouns. Oprawki is not masculine-personal, so te is the correct form.

It is plural.

The singular form is oprawka, which means a frame or an eyeglass frame. In this sentence, oprawki refers to frames as a pair/set.

So:

• oprawka = one frame
• oprawki = frames

Unlike okulary meaning glasses, which is normally plural-only, oprawka/oprawki can be used in both singular and plural.

Because the subject is plural.

• jest = is for singular
• są = are for plural

Since oprawki is plural, the verb must also be plural:

• Ta oprawka jest lekka. = This frame is light.
• Te oprawki są lekkie. = These frames are light.

In Polish, adjectives must agree with the noun in number, gender, and case.

The basic adjective is lekki = light. Its form changes depending on what noun it describes.

Here, oprawki is:

• plural
• nominative
• non-masculine-personal

So the adjective becomes lekkie.

Compare:

• lekka oprawka = a light frame
• lekkie oprawki = light frames

Here dość means quite, fairly, or rather.

It makes the adjective less strong than very:

• lekkie = light
• dość lekkie = quite/fairly light
• bardzo lekkie = very light

So dość softens the statement a little. It suggests the frames are light, but not extremely light.

Also, in other contexts dość can mean enough, so learners often notice that it has more than one use.

Yes. Dość and dosyć are both common and both work here.

So these are both natural:

• Te oprawki są dość lekkie.
• Te oprawki są dosyć lekkie.

They mean essentially the same thing in this sentence.

It is in the nominative plural, because it is the subject of the sentence.

The sentence structure is basically:

• Te oprawki = subject
• są = verb
• dość lekkie = description of the subject

Because the subject is nominative, the words agreeing with it also appear in matching forms:

• te
• oprawki
• lekkie

Yes, often you can.

• Te oprawki są dość lekkie.
• Oprawki są dość lekkie.

Both are grammatical.

Including te makes the sentence more specific, like pointing to a particular pair: these frames. Leaving it out sounds more general or depends more on context.

No, Polish word order is fairly flexible, though this version is the most neutral and natural:

• Te oprawki są dość lekkie.

You may also hear:

• Oprawki są dość lekkie.

That is also normal.

What is less flexible is the placement of dość: it usually goes directly before the adjective it modifies, so dość lekkie is the natural chunk.

A rough English-friendly approximation is:

teh oh-PRAF-kee sow̃ doshch LEK-kyeh

A few tricky parts:

• ą in są is a nasal vowel
• ść in dość is a soft consonant cluster that does not exist in English
• kie in lekkie sounds like kye

If you want to sound more natural, it helps to practice these chunks:

• te oprawki
• są dość
• lekkie