Te oprawki są lekkie.

Te means these.

It is the plural form of the demonstrative ten / ta / to (this). In this sentence, it agrees with oprawki, which is plural.

So:

• ta oprawka = this frame
• te oprawki = these frames

Because oprawki is plural.

The singular noun is oprawka.
Its plural form is oprawki.

So:

• ta oprawka = this frame
• te oprawki = these frames

In Polish, words that go together have to match in number, so plural te goes with plural oprawki.

Because the subject is plural.

Są is the present-tense form of być (to be) used with they/these.

Compare:

• Ta oprawka jest lekka. = This frame is light.
• Te oprawki są lekkie. = These frames are light.

So:

• jest = is (singular)
• są = are (plural)

Because adjectives in Polish must agree with the noun in number and gender.

The basic dictionary form is lekki (light, masculine singular), but here the noun is plural and non-masculine-personal, so the adjective becomes lekkie.

Compare:

• lekki = masculine singular
• lekka = feminine singular
• lekkie = neuter singular or plural non-masculine-personal

Since oprawki is plural and refers to objects, lekkie is the correct form.

The singular noun oprawka is feminine.

However, in the plural, Polish often works with a different distinction: masculine personal vs. non-masculine-personal. Since oprawki refers to things, not a group of men, it takes the non-masculine-personal plural pattern.

That is why you get:

• te oprawki
• są lekkie

not masculine-personal forms.

Usually, oprawki means frames, especially eyeglass/spectacle frames in everyday use.

The singular is oprawka. Depending on context, oprawka/oprawki can also mean other kinds of frames or mountings, but for many learners the most common meaning they will meet is glasses frames.

So this sentence will often be understood as:

• These frames are light or more naturally in context:
• These glasses frames are light

Normally, no.

In standard Polish, the present tense of to be is usually expressed, so you say:

• Te oprawki są lekkie.

You would not normally say:

• Te oprawki lekkie. ❌

Polish is different here from some other Slavic languages where the present-tense to be is often omitted.

Yes. Polish word order is fairly flexible, although the neutral order here is:

• Te oprawki są lekkie.

You could also say:

• Oprawki są lekkie. = The/These frames are light.
• Lekkie są te oprawki. = more emphasis on light
• Te lekkie oprawki... = these light frames (if the adjective is used before the noun as part of a noun phrase)

Changing word order usually changes emphasis, not the core meaning.

Because Polish has no articles like English a/an/the.

So te oprawki specifically gives the meaning these frames, but if you just said:

• Oprawki są lekkie

it could mean:

• The frames are light
• Frames are light
• sometimes even These frames are light

depending on context.

That is why te is useful: it makes the noun phrase clearly demonstrative.

The singular version is:

• Ta oprawka jest lekka.

Breakdown:

• ta = this
• oprawka = frame
• jest = is
• lekka = light

So the sentence changes in several places when going from singular to plural:

• ta → te
• oprawka → oprawki
• jest → są
• lekka → lekkie

A rough English-style guide is:

• teh oh-PRAF-kee sow LEK-kyeh

A few notes:

• te sounds like teh
• w in Polish is pronounced like English v
• ą is a nasal vowel; in careful speech są is roughly like sow with nasalization
• kk in lekkie is pronounced as a strong k
• ie in kie sounds like yeh

If you want to sound more natural, listen especially to:

• oprawki = oh-PRAF-kee
• lekkie = LEK-kye

Because lekkie is being used as a predicate adjective: it tells you what the frames are like.

So:

• Te oprawki są lekkie. = These frames are light.

If you put the adjective before the noun, it becomes part of the noun phrase:

• te lekkie oprawki = these light frames

Both are correct, but they do different jobs:

• są lekkie = are light
• lekkie oprawki = light frames

It is in the nominative plural.

That is because oprawki is the subject of the sentence:

• Te oprawki = the thing being talked about
• są lekkie = what is being said about them

You can recognize the basic subject pattern here:

• [nominative subject] + [form of być] + [adjective]

So this is a very typical nominative sentence structure in Polish.