Ona nadal czyta książkę.

She still reads a book.

Breakdown of Ona nadal czyta książkę.

• ona: she
• czytać: to read
• książka: the book
• nadal: still

Questions & Answers about Ona nadal czyta książkę.

What does nadal mean in this sentence, and what role does it play?

Nadal means “still”. It is an adverb modifying the verb czyta to indicate that the action of reading continues. In English, it conveys that she is still engaged in the activity.

Why is the verb czyta in the simple present even though the English equivalent might use the present continuous (“is reading”)?

Polish does not have a distinct present continuous tense. The simple present form czyta is used to express both habitual actions and actions currently in progress. Context tells us that in this case, it refers to an ongoing action.

What case is książkę in and why is that important?

Książkę is in the accusative case. This case is used for the direct object of a sentence—in this instance, the thing being read. Polish uses case endings instead of articles to mark grammatical roles.

Is the subject pronoun Ona necessary in Polish?

Not strictly. Polish verb conjugations indicate the subject, so the pronoun Ona can be omitted in many casual contexts. However, it is often included for clarity, emphasis, or stylistic reasons, ensuring no ambiguity about who is performing the action.

Can the adverb nadal be placed in a different position within the sentence without changing the meaning?

Yes, Polish word order is relatively flexible due to its robust case system. While Ona nadal czyta książkę is a natural and clear structure, moving nadal might shift the emphasis slightly. For example, placing it after the verb could subtly alter what part of the sentence is highlighted, though the overall meaning remains largely the same.

How does the absence of articles in Polish affect how we interpret książkę compared to English?

Since Polish does not use articles like “a” or “the”, the form książkę does not explicitly indicate definiteness. The context must clarify whether it means “a book” or “the book.” The noun’s ending only shows its role (as the accusative object), leaving the determination of definiteness up to the situation.