Władza ostrzega kajakarzy.

Because władza is a singular collective noun in Polish. It can mean authority, the government, the ruling power, or those in power as one institution.

So Polish treats it as grammatically singular:

• władza ostrzega = literally authority warns

But in natural English, we often say:

• the authorities warn / are warning

So the mismatch is normal: singular in Polish, often plural in English.

Yes. Władza is a feminine singular noun.

You can tell partly from the -a ending, which very often marks feminine nouns in Polish. That is why, when it agrees with adjectives or past-tense verbs, it behaves like a feminine noun.

For example:

• ta władza = this authority
• władza ostrzegała = the authorities / authority were warning

This is grammatical gender, not biological sex.

Because the subject is władza, and władza is grammatically singular.

So the verb must also be 3rd person singular:

• władza ostrzega = the authority warns / is warning

If the subject were genuinely plural, the verb would be plural too:

• władze ostrzegają = the authorities are warning

That means:

• władza → singular verb
• władze → plural verb

Ostrzega is the 3rd person singular present tense of ostrzegać.

So it can mean:

• warns
• is warning

Polish present tense often covers both the simple and continuous meanings that English separates.

So:

• Władza ostrzega kajakarzy can be understood as either
  • The authorities warn kayakers
  • The authorities are warning kayakers

Context decides which sounds better in English.

Because it is the accusative plural of kajakarz.

Here, kajakarzy is the direct object of the verb ostrzega:

• someone warns whom?
• kajakarzy = kayakers

A useful pattern:

• kajakarz = one kayaker
• kajakarze = kayakers as the subject of a sentence
• kajakarzy = kayakers as the object in a sentence like this

So compare:

• Kajakarze płyną. = The kayakers are paddling.
• Władza ostrzega kajakarzy. = The authorities are warning the kayakers.

Because kajakarze is nominative plural and kajakarzy is accusative plural.

For masculine personal nouns in Polish, the plural accusative often looks like the plural genitive, not like the nominative.

Since kajakarz means a person, it follows that pattern:

• kajakarze = nominative plural
• kajakarzy = accusative plural

That is why the sentence is:

• Władza ostrzega kajakarzy not
• Władza ostrzega kajakarze

Not necessarily. In Polish, the masculine personal plural is often used for:

• a group of men
• a mixed group
• people in general when gender is unspecified

So kajakarzy can mean:

• male kayakers
• kayakers in a mixed group
• kayakers in a general sense

If you wanted to specify an all-female group, Polish would usually use kajakarki instead.

Yes. Polish word order is fairly flexible because the case endings show who is doing what.

The most neutral order here is:

• Władza ostrzega kajakarzy.

But you could also say:

• Kajakarzy ostrzega władza.
• Ostrzega kajakarzy władza.

These versions still mean the same basic thing, but the emphasis changes:

• starting with kajakarzy puts more focus on the kayakers
• starting with ostrzega can sound more dramatic or stylistic

So the standard learner takeaway is:

• same grammar roles
• different emphasis

Because Polish has no articles like a or the.

So:

• władza can mean authority, the authority, or the authorities, depending on context
• kajakarzy can mean kayakers or the kayakers, depending on context

English has to choose an article or decide to leave it out, but Polish usually does not mark that directly.

Yes, it matters. Ostrzegać is imperfective.

That fits this sentence because it describes:

• an ongoing warning
• a general act of warning
• repeated or current action

So ostrzega works naturally for warns / is warning.

The perfective partner is ostrzec. A perfective form would usually refer to a completed future warning, not a present one.

So this sentence uses the normal aspect for present-time warning.

A rough pronunciation guide is:

• Władza ≈ VWAHD-za
• ostrzega ≈ o-STSHE-ga or more accurately o-STRZHE-ga
• kajakarzy ≈ ka-ya-KA-zhy

A few key sounds:

• w in Polish sounds like English v
• ł sounds like English w
• rz usually sounds like zh in measure
• j sounds like English y

So władza begins with something like vw together:

• vwah-dza