Mapa turystyczna pokazuje trasę z przełęczy na szczyt.

Because turystyczna is an adjective describing mapa, and it has to agree with it in gender, number, and case.

• mapa is feminine singular
• here it is in the nominative case, because it is the subject of the sentence

So the adjective also appears in the feminine singular nominative form:

• mapa turystyczna

This is the basic agreement pattern in Polish:

• dobry szlak — masculine
• dobra mapa — feminine
• dobre jezioro — neuter

Because they have different jobs in the sentence.

• mapa is the subject: the thing doing the action
• trasę is the direct object: the thing being shown

In Polish:

• the subject is usually in the nominative
• the direct object after a verb like pokazywać is usually in the accusative

So:

• mapa = nominative
• trasa → trasę = accusative

Since trasa is a feminine noun, its accusative singular often ends in -ę.

Because pokazywać normally takes the accusative case for what is being shown.

The dictionary form is:

• trasa — route

But in this sentence it is the object, so it becomes:

• trasę

This is a very common pattern with feminine nouns ending in -a:

• mam książkę from książka
• widzę drogę from droga
• pokazuje trasę from trasa

Because the preposition z here requires the genitive case when it means from.

The dictionary form is:

• przełęcz — mountain pass

After z, it changes to the genitive singular:

• z przełęczy

So the pattern is:

• z domu
• z miasta
• z przełęczy

This is one of the key things to learn in Polish: prepositions often force a specific case.

Because na can take different cases depending on whether you mean movement toward a destination or location.

Here, the phrase means movement or direction:

• na szczyt = to the summit / up to the summit

That uses the accusative.

Compare:

• iść na szczyt — to go to the summit
• być na szczycie — to be on the summit

So:

• na + accusative = motion toward
• na + locative = location

It is the accusative singular.

The noun szczyt is masculine and inanimate, and for many masculine inanimate nouns, the accusative singular looks the same as the nominative singular.

So:

• nominative: szczyt
• accusative: szczyt

That is why there is no visible change, even though the case really has changed because of na expressing direction.

Because the subject is singular:

• mapa = one map

So the verb must agree with the subject:

• mapa pokazuje — singular
• mapy pokazują — plural

This is the 3rd person singular form of pokazywać:

• ja pokazuję
• ty pokazujesz
• on/ona/ono pokazuje

Polish often uses the present tense for general descriptions, especially when talking about what something like a map, sign, diagram, or text does.

So mapa turystyczna pokazuje... means something like:

• the map shows...
• the tourist map shows...

This is not necessarily about an action happening right now in a dramatic sense. It is just a normal factual description.

English does the same:

• The map shows the route
• The sign indicates the entrance

Yes, Polish word order is more flexible than English because the case endings show the grammatical roles.

The neutral order here is:

• Mapa turystyczna pokazuje trasę z przełęczy na szczyt.

But other orders are possible, for example to emphasize something:

• Trasę z przełęczy na szczyt pokazuje mapa turystyczna.
• Z przełęczy na szczyt mapa turystyczna pokazuje trasę.

However, not every rearrangement sounds equally natural. The original sentence is the most neutral and standard.

Because z is the normal preposition for from when talking about movement away from a place, especially a specific point or location like a pass, mountain, house, or city.

So:

• z przełęczy = from the pass

Od is used more often for:

• from a person: od lekarza
• from near/by a place: od dworca
• starting from a point in a looser sense

With a mountain pass, z przełęczy is the natural choice.

Yes. In Polish, not all feminine nouns end in -a.

Przełęcz is a feminine noun, and it belongs to a group of feminine nouns ending in a consonant-like soft ending, often written with -ć, -ś, -ź, -ń, -ż, -rz, -cz and similar patterns.

Other feminine nouns of this type include:

• noc
• myśl
• wieś
• kość

That is why its genitive form is:

• przełęczy

It is a phrase describing the route: where it starts and where it goes.

You can think of it as:

• z przełęczy — starting point
• na szczyt — destination

So the sentence structure is roughly:

• subject: Mapa turystyczna
• verb: pokazuje
• object: trasę
• route details: z przełęczy na szczyt

This kind of pattern is very common in Polish when describing paths, journeys, or routes:

• droga z miasta na lotnisko
• szlak z doliny na grań
• trasa z parkingu na szczyt