Przedsiębiorca faktycznie dostał przesyłkę zwrotną.

Because przedsiębiorca is a masculine personal noun even though it ends in -a. Polish has a group of nouns like this, especially for professions or roles, for example:

• mężczyzna = man
• kierowca = driver
• sprzedawca = seller
• przedsiębiorca = entrepreneur / business owner

So the verb agrees with its grammatical gender, not just with the ending. That is why you get:

• Przedsiębiorca dostał = a male entrepreneur received
• Przedsiębiorczyni dostała = a female entrepreneur received

So the -a ending does not automatically make a noun feminine.

Dostał is the past tense, masculine singular form of the verb dostać.

Breakdown:

• dostać = to get / to receive
• dostał = he got / he received

It agrees with a masculine singular subject, here przedsiębiorca.

Related forms:

• dostała = she got
• dostało = it got
• dostali = they got (masculine personal)
• dostały = they got (non-masculine-personal)

So dostał tells you both the tense and the gender/number of the subject.

Because this is the direct object of the verb dostał, so it is in the accusative case.

The dictionary form is:

• przesyłka zwrotna = return shipment / returned parcel

But after dostać, you need the object in the accusative:

• przesyłkę zwrotną

For feminine singular nouns ending in -a, the accusative usually changes:

• -a → -ę for the noun
• adjective also changes to match: -a → -ą

So:

• nominative: przesyłka zwrotna
• accusative: przesyłkę zwrotną

This is a very common pattern in Polish.

Because in Polish, adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in:

• gender
• number
• case

Here the noun is:

• feminine
• singular
• accusative

So the adjective has to match that exactly.

That is why:

• przesyłka zwrotna = nominative
• przesyłkę zwrotną = accusative

You cannot change only the noun and leave the adjective unchanged. They move together.

Faktycznie is an adverb meaning something like:

• actually
• indeed
• in fact
• really

In this sentence it adds the idea that the entrepreneur really did receive the return shipment, perhaps contrary to doubt, assumption, or expectation.

Depending on context, it can sound like:

• confirming a fact
• correcting a previous belief
• stressing that something really happened

So it is not necessary for the basic grammar of the sentence, but it changes the nuance.

No, Polish word order is fairly flexible. The sentence as given is natural and neutral:

• Przedsiębiorca faktycznie dostał przesyłkę zwrotną.

But you could move things around for emphasis, for example:

• Faktycznie przedsiębiorca dostał przesyłkę zwrotną.
• Przesyłkę zwrotną przedsiębiorca faktycznie dostał.

These all suggest roughly the same basic meaning, but the emphasis changes.

The original version sounds quite normal: subject + adverb + verb + object.

Both can mean received, but there is a difference in style.

• dostał = common, everyday, natural in speech
• otrzymał = more formal, official, written

So:

• Przedsiębiorca dostał przesyłkę zwrotną sounds natural and conversational.
• Przedsiębiorca otrzymał przesyłkę zwrotną sounds more formal, perhaps like business or legal language.

Neither is wrong; they just differ in register.

Literally, it is a return shipment or returned item.

• przesyłka is a fairly broad word: shipment, mail item, consignment, parcel
• zwrotna means return / sent back

Depending on context, English might translate it as:

• returned parcel
• return shipment
• returned mail item

This is a slightly more formal or general term than paczka, which more specifically means package/parcel.

Yes. Dostać is a perfective verb.

That means it presents the event as completed: the entrepreneur did receive the return shipment.

Its imperfective partner is dostawać, which is used for repeated, ongoing, or habitual receiving.

Compare:

• dostał = he received / he got once, completed event
• dostawał = he was receiving / used to receive / kept receiving

So in this sentence, the focus is on the fact that the shipment arrived and was received.

Because Polish has no articles.

English needs words like:

• a
• an
• the

Polish does not. So przedsiębiorca can mean:

• an entrepreneur
• the entrepreneur

and przesyłkę zwrotną can mean:

• a return shipment
• the return shipment

The exact meaning depends on context, not on an article.

The main change would be in the past-tense verb, because Polish past tense agrees with gender.

For a feminine subject, you would use:

• Przedsiębiorczyni faktycznie dostała przesyłkę zwrotną.

Changes:

• przedsiębiorca → przedsiębiorczyni
• dostał → dostała

The object przesyłkę zwrotną stays the same, because it is still a feminine singular accusative direct object.