Støtfangeren beskytter robotstøvsugeren.

Because Norwegian usually puts the definite article at the end of the noun instead of using a separate word before it.

• støtfangeren = the bumper
• robotstøvsugeren = the robot vacuum cleaner

So the ending -en is doing the job that the does in English.

Both nouns are in the singular definite form, and both are common gender nouns.

• en støtfanger = a bumper

• støtfangeren = the bumper

• en robotstøvsuger = a robot vacuum cleaner
• robotstøvsugeren = the robot vacuum cleaner

So -en here means the for singular common-gender nouns.

In a normal Norwegian main clause, the subject usually comes before the verb, and the object comes after it.

So in:

Støtfangeren beskytter robotstøvsugeren.

• Støtfangeren = subject
• beskytter = verb
• robotstøvsugeren = object

That means the bumper is protecting the robot vacuum cleaner, not the other way around.

Beskytter is the present tense of å beskytte (to protect).

Examples:

• jeg beskytter = I protect / am protecting
• du beskytter = you protect / are protecting
• den beskytter = it protects / is protecting

Norwegian verbs do not change for person the way English verbs do. So the same present-tense form is used with I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.

Yes. Norwegian very often makes long nouns by joining smaller words into one compound word.

• støtfanger is a compound noun
• robotstøvsuger is also a compound noun

A learner should get used to this, because Norwegian writes many combinations as one word where English might use two or more words.

So:

• robotstøvsuger is correct
• robot støvsuger would normally look wrong

The dictionary or base form is usually the indefinite singular:

• en støtfanger
• en robotstøvsuger

Those are the forms you would normally look up in a dictionary.

Then the definite forms in the sentence are:

• støtfangeren
• robotstøvsugeren

Yes, structurally that is a very close translation.

Word by word:

• Støtfangeren = the bumper
• beskytter = protects
• robotstøvsugeren = the robot vacuum cleaner

So this sentence is quite straightforward in terms of structure.

Yes, but then the meaning changes.

• Støtfangeren beskytter robotstøvsugeren
  = The bumper protects the robot vacuum cleaner

• Robotstøvsugeren beskytter støtfangeren
  = The robot vacuum cleaner protects the bumper

Because Norwegian relies a lot on word order, switching the nouns usually changes who is doing the action.

These are often tricky for English speakers.

• ø is a vowel that does not exist exactly in English. It is somewhat similar to the vowel in some pronunciations of bird, but with more rounded lips.
• y is also not a normal English vowel. It is somewhat like ee said with rounded lips.

So in this sentence:

• støt- begins with that ø sound
• beskytter contains y
• støvsuger also contains ø

The best way to learn them is by listening to native audio and repeating, because English spelling comparisons are only rough approximations.