Agricola haedum portat.

Because agricola is a first-declension masculine noun. In Latin, nouns ending in -a are often feminine, but not always. Some nouns for occupations or roles, especially ones ending in -cola or -gena, are masculine when they refer to men.

So agricola looks like a typical first-declension noun, but its gender is masculine.

Agricola is nominative singular.

In Latin, the nominative case is usually used for the subject of the sentence, the person or thing doing the action. Here, the action is portat = carries, so agricola is the one doing the carrying.

The form agricola is the nominative singular form of the noun.

Because haedum is accusative singular.

The accusative case is commonly used for the direct object, the person or thing receiving the action. In this sentence, the kid is what is being carried, so Latin puts haedus into the accusative form haedum.

This is a normal pattern for many second-declension masculine nouns:

• nominative singular: haedus
• accusative singular: haedum

Portat is:

• 3rd person singular
• present tense
• active voice
• indicative mood

It comes from the verb porto, portare, meaning carry.

So portat means he carries, she carries, or it carries, depending on the subject. Here, with agricola, it means the farmer carries.

It can mean either, depending on context.

Latin present tense often covers several English present-time ideas, such as:

• carries
• is carrying
• sometimes even does carry

So without extra context, portat can be understood in more than one natural English way.

Because Latin has no articles.

English uses the and a/an, but classical Latin normally does not. A noun by itself can mean:

• the farmer
• a farmer

and context tells you which is best in translation.

So agricola could be the farmer or a farmer, and haedum could be the kid or a kid.

Yes. Latin word order is more flexible than English word order because the endings show what each word is doing.

Here:

• agricola is the subject because it is nominative
• haedum is the object because it is accusative
• portat is the verb

So these could all still mean basically the same thing:

• Agricola haedum portat
• Haedum agricola portat
• Agricola portat haedum

The difference is usually one of emphasis or style, not basic meaning. A verb-final order like Agricola haedum portat is very common in textbook Latin.

In a classical Latin pronunciation, a rough guide is:

• agricola → ah-GREE-ko-la
• haedum → HYE-dum
• portat → POR-tat

A few useful points:

• c is always hard, like k
• ae is pronounced like eye
• the stress in agricola falls on gri

So the whole sentence is roughly:

ah-GREE-ko-la HYE-dum POR-tat

Because the ending of the verb already tells us the subject is third person singular.

The -t in portat means he/she/it carries. Latin verbs usually include the person and number in their endings, so a separate subject pronoun is often unnecessary.

In this sentence, the noun agricola is still included so we know exactly who is doing the action.