Agricola caprum vocat.

Because agricola is a masculine noun in the first declension. In Latin, nouns are grouped by declension and also have gender, and those two things do not always match the way an English speaker expects.

So:

• agricola = nominative singular
• it belongs to the first declension
• but its gender is masculine

This is not unusual for jobs or roles that were typically male in Roman society, such as:

• agricola = farmer
• nauta = sailor
• poēta = poet

So the -a ending does not automatically mean the noun is feminine.

Because agricola is in the nominative singular, which is the case normally used for the subject of the sentence.

In this sentence:

• agricola = nominative singular → the one doing the action
• caprum = accusative singular → the one receiving the action

Latin often shows grammatical function through word endings, not mainly through word order.

Because it is the direct object of the verb, so it has to be in the accusative case.

The basic idea is:

• subject → nominative
• direct object → accusative

So if the dictionary form is caper or a related noun form meaning goat, the sentence uses caprum because the goat is being called by the farmer.

That -um ending is a very common sign of the accusative singular for a second-declension masculine noun.

The -t tells you the verb is third person singular: he/she/it.

So:

• vocō = I call
• vocās = you call
• vocat = he/she/it calls

Because the subject is agricola, vocat here means the farmer calls.

This is why Latin often does not need to include a separate subject pronoun like he.

Because Latin has no articles like English the and a/an.

So Agricola caprum vocat could mean:

• the farmer calls the goat
• a farmer calls a goat
• sometimes even the farmer calls a goat or a farmer calls the goat

Context usually makes it clear which is best.

This is a very common thing for English speakers to notice at the beginning of Latin study.

Less important than it is in English.

Latin relies heavily on endings, so the sentence can often be rearranged without changing the basic meaning. For example, all of these could still mean essentially the same thing:

• Agricola caprum vocat
• Caprum agricola vocat
• Vocat agricola caprum

However, word order can affect emphasis and style.

The order in your sentence, subject + object + verb, is very natural and common in simple Latin teaching examples.

Yes. The verb vocō, vocāre can mean things like:

• call
• summon
• name

In a very simple sentence like this, the most natural meaning is usually calls. But in other contexts, vocāre might mean:

• to call someone over
• to summon someone
• to call someone by a certain name

So Latin verbs often have a range of meanings, and context tells you which one fits.

Because the verb ending already includes that information.

In vocat, the ending -t tells you:

• third person
• singular

So Latin does not need to say he calls with a separate pronoun unless the speaker wants extra emphasis or contrast.

In other words, vocat already means he/she/it calls.

A Latin learner often wants to know what form to look up in a dictionary.

For this sentence, the dictionary entries would be something like:

• agricola, agricolae = farmer
• caper, caprī = goat / he-goat
• vocō, vocāre = call

The form in the sentence is not always the same as the dictionary form:

• agricola happens to already be in its dictionary form
• caprum is a changed form of caper
• vocat is a changed form of vocō

That is why learning case endings and verb endings is so important in Latin.

In a basic classroom pronunciation close to Classical Latin, you could say it roughly like this:

ah-GREE-ko-lah KAH-prum WOH-kaht

A few helpful points:

• g is always hard, as in go
• c is always hard, as in cat
• v is pronounced like English w in Classical pronunciation
• each vowel is usually pronounced clearly

So vocat sounds more like woh-kaht than English vo-cat.

It certainly can, but the sentence as given is in a very straightforward Latin order.

Latin often likes to place the verb at the end, and beginner sentences are commonly arranged like this:

• subject
• object
• verb

So Agricola caprum vocat is a neat, standard example.

If you moved caprum to the front, that could give it more emphasis:

• Caprum agricola vocat = It is the goat that the farmer calls, or simply the same basic meaning with stronger focus on caprum.

So the given order is not the only possible one, but it is a very normal one.