Nota adscripta sensum clariorem facit.

The sentence breaks down like this:

• nota adscripta = the subject
• sensum = the direct object
• clariorem = a word agreeing with sensum, showing what the object is made to be
• facit = the verb

So the structure is essentially:

[subject] + [object] + [object complement] + [verb]

That is why the sentence means something like An added note makes the meaning clearer.

Because both words are in the nominative singular feminine:

• nota = nominative singular feminine
• adscripta = nominative singular feminine, agreeing with nota

Also, the verb facit is third person singular (he/she/it makes), so it needs a singular subject.
Here that subject is nota adscripta.

A learner may notice that adscripta could also be ablative in form, but in this sentence the syntax clearly points to nominative: the sentence needs a subject, and sensum is already accusative, so it cannot be the subject.

Adscripta is a perfect passive participle from adscribo (to write beside, add, append, attach).

So adscripta literally means something like:

• written beside
• added
• appended
• attached

Because it agrees with nota, the phrase nota adscripta means an added/appended note.

This is very common in Latin: a participle often works like an adjective in English.

Because it is the direct object of facit.

The verb facere often means to make, and the thing being made or affected goes into the accusative. Here, the note is doing something to the meaning:

• nota adscripta = the added note
• facit = makes
• sensum = the meaning

So sensum is accusative because it is what the note makes clearer.

Because it agrees with sensum.

Latin often uses this pattern:

facere + accusative object + accusative complement

In English, we do the same thing with make:

• It makes the meaning clearer
• They made him happy
• The news made her angry

In Latin:

• sensum = object
• clariorem = describes the object after the action of the verb

So clariorem is in the accusative singular masculine to match sensum.

Because clariorem is an adjective, not an adverb.

Here Latin is saying:

• makes the meaning clearer

not

• makes/does more clearly

Since clariorem describes sensum, it has to agree with it in gender, number, and case:

• sensum = masculine accusative singular
• clariorem = masculine/feminine accusative singular comparative

If Latin used clarius, that would be an adverb or neuter form, and it would not fit the grammar of this sentence.

Clariorem is the comparative of clarus, clara, clarum (clear, bright, distinct, famous, depending on context).

Its comparative forms are:

• masculine/feminine: clarior
• neuter: clarius

In this sentence, clariorem is the accusative singular masculine/feminine form of that comparative.

So the idea is clearer, not just clear.

Because Latin very often expresses ideas with facere + adjective, just as English does with make + adjective.

So:

• sensum clariorem facit = makes the meaning clearer

This is natural Latin.
English can translate it either very literally (makes the meaning clearer) or more idiomatically (clarifies the meaning).

Both convey the same basic sense, but the Latin grammar is specifically built on make + object + adjective.

Latin word order is much more flexible than English word order because the endings show the grammatical roles.

Here the order is:

• Nota adscripta = subject
• sensum clariorem = object phrase
• facit = verb at the end

That is a very normal Latin arrangement. The verb often comes last.

English depends heavily on word order, but Latin does not. So even if you rearranged the Latin somewhat, the endings would still show who is doing what:

• nota adscripta remains nominative
• sensum clariorem remains accusative
• facit remains the singular verb

Because Classical Latin does not have definite and indefinite articles like English.

So nota can mean:

• a note
• the note

and the same is true for sensum:

• a meaning
• the meaning

Which one is best depends on context and on the natural English translation.

Yes. Depending on context, you might render it as:

• an added note
• an appended note
• a note written beside it
• a marginal note (if the context suggests that)
• an attached note

The grammar stays the same: adscripta is describing nota.
The exact English wording depends on what kind of note is meant in the passage.

From both meaning and grammar.

Grammatically:

• nota is nominative singular feminine
• sensum is accusative singular masculine
• clariorem is accusative singular masculine/feminine

So clariorem cannot agree with nota, because nota is nominative, not accusative.

Instead, clariorem matches sensum in case and sense:

• sensum clariorem = the meaning clearer

That is exactly what we expect after facit in a sentence of this type.